Reflectance-facilitated ultrasound treatment and monitoring

1. A method comprising:

providing a reflective region at a far side of myocardial tissue of a subject by transthoracically advancing a reflection-facilitation element toward a desired location at the far side of the myocardial tissue of the subject;

advancing an ultrasound transducer into a heart chamber of the subject, through a blood vessel of the subject, to a near side of the myocardial tissue;

assessing whether the reflective region is in the desired location, by means of acoustic sensing; and

in response to assessing that the reflective region is in the desired location, activating the ultrasound transducer to ablate the tissue by applying ultrasound energy to the near side of the tissue, such that at least a portion of the transmitted energy is reflected by the reflective region onto the tissue of the subject.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein assessing comprises:

applying non-ablating ultrasound energy to the near side of the tissue, such that at least a portion of the applied energy is reflected onto the tissue by the reflective region; and

monitoring an ultrasound parameter of the reflected energy.

3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein monitoring the ultrasound parameter comprises monitoring an amplitude of the ultrasound energy reflected by the reflective region.

4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the ultrasound parameter is selected from the group consisting of: a scatter intensity of the reflected ultrasound energy, sub-harmonics of the reflected ultrasound energy, second and higher harmonic reflections of the reflected ultrasound energy, an attenuation of the reflected ultrasound energy, and a non-linear parameter of the reflected ultrasound energy, and wherein monitoring the ultrasound parameter comprises monitoring the selected ultrasound parameter.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein assessing comprises receiving sound generated by the providing of the reflective region.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein assessing comprises determining whether the reflective region is within a pericardium of the subject.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the desired location is within a pericardial region of the subject that consists of one or more regions selected from the group consisting of: a region between the pericardium and the myocardium, a region between a visceral pericardium and a parietal pericardium, and a region outside the pericardium and in contact therewith, and wherein providing the reflective region comprises providing the reflective region within the pericardial region.

8. A method comprising:

advancing into a heart chamber of a subject, through a blood vessel of the subject, an ultrasound tool that includes at least one ultrasound transducer;

transthoracically advancing a reflection-facilitation element towards an extramyocardial site of a subject;

operating the reflection-facilitation element to release a reflection-facilitation agent to provide a reflective region at the extramyocardial site of the subject;

activating the ultrasound transducer to apply ultrasound energy to myocardial tissue of the subject such that at least a portion of the transmitted energy is reflected by the reflective region onto the ultrasound transducer; and

monitoring an ultrasound parameter of the reflected energy.

9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the extramyocardial site is within a pericardial region of the subject that consists of one or more regions selected from the group consisting of: a region between the pericardium and the myocardium, a region between a visceral pericardium and a parietal pericardium, and a region outside the pericardium and in contact therewith, and wherein advancing the reflection-facilitation element comprises advancing the reflection-facilitation element towards the pericardial region.

10. A method for monitoring ablation of a myocardial tissue site, the method comprising:

providing a reflective region at a far side of the myocardial tissue site by transthoracically advancing a reflection-facilitation element toward a desired location at the far side of the myocardial tissue site;

advancing an ultrasound transducer into a heart chamber of the subject, through a blood vessel of the subject, to a near side of the myocardial tissue site

during a first time period, activating an ultrasound transducer to apply high intensity ultrasound energy to the tissue site, capable of ablating the myocardial tissue site;

during a second time period, subsequent to the first time period, activating the ultrasound transducer to apply low intensity ultrasound energy to the myocardial tissue site such that at least a portion of the transmitted energy is reflected by the myocardial tissue site onto the ultrasound transducer; and

monitoring an ultrasound parameter of the reflected energy.

11. The method according to claim 10 further comprising the step of performing an analysis of the ultrasound parameter, and, responsively to the analysis, determining a level of ablation of the tissue site.

12. The method according to claim 10 , further comprising the step of performing an analysis of the ultrasound parameter, and, responsively to the analysis, determining a continuity of an ablation lesion throughout the tissue site.

13. The method according to claim 10 , wherein monitoring the ultrasound parameter comprises monitoring an amplitude of the ultrasound energy reflected by the reflective region.

14. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the ultrasound parameter is selected from the group consisting of: a scatter intensity of the reflected ultrasound energy, sub-harmonics of the reflected ultrasound energy, second and higher harmonic reflections of the reflected ultrasound energy, an attenuation of the reflected ultrasound energy, and a non-linear parameter of the reflected ultrasound energy, and wherein monitoring the ultrasound parameter comprises monitoring the selected ultrasound parameter.