Metal halogen electrochemical cell system
A metal halogen electrochemical energy cell system that generates an electrical potential. One embodiment of the system includes at least one cell including at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode, at least one electrolyte, a mixing venturi that mixes the electrolyte with a halogen reactant, and a circulation pump that conveys the electrolyte mixed with the halogen reactant through the positive electrode and across the metal electrode. Preferably, the positive electrode comprises porous carbonaceous material, the negative electrode comprises zinc, the metal comprises zinc, the halogen comprises halogen, the electrolyte comprises an aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte, and the halogen reactant comprises a halogen reactant. Also, variations of the system and a method of operation for the systems.
1. A metal halogen electrochemical system, comprising:
(A) a vessel that contains:
(a) a vertical stack of a plurality of horizontal cells, each of the plurality of horizontal cells comprising:
at least one porous positive electrode;
at least one negative electrode; and
a reaction zone between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the at least one porous positive electrode and the at least one negative electrode in each cell of the plurality of horizontal cells are oriented horizontally and are stacked vertically in the vertical stack;
(b) an electrolyte comprising a metal and a halogen, wherein the electrolyte flows through the porous electrode under the force of gravity; and
(c) an electrolyte storage reservoir; and
(B) a circulation pump that is configured to convey a flow of the electrolyte from the reservoir through the reaction zone of each of the cells of the stack, such that the electrolyte passes through the positive electrode and passes by the negative electrode when flowing through the reaction zone.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein, the negative electrode comprises a metal and the electrolyte comprises an aqueous zinc halide electrolyte.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the circulation pump is configured to convey the flow of the electrolyte from the reservoir to the stack of cells through a feed manifold.
4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an upward flowing return manifold configured to collect the electrolyte from the cells of the stack and to return the electrolyte to the reservoir.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises an electrolyte mixture containing (i) at least one aqueous electrolyte comprising the metal and the halogen and (ii) a halogen reactant.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the circulation pump is located in the vessel, and the halogen reactant is supplied from a source internal to the system.
7. A method of operating a metal halogen electrochemical system, comprising:
(A) providing a vessel that contains:
(a) a vertical stack of a plurality of horizontal cells, each of the plurality of horizontal cells comprising:
at least one porous positive electrode;
at least one negative electrode; and
a reaction zone between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the at least one porous positive electrode and the at least one negative electrode in each cell of the plurality of horizontal cells are oriented horizontally and are stacked vertically in the vertical stack;
(b) an electrolyte comprising a metal and a halogen; and
(c) an electrolyte storage reservoir; and
(B) operating a circulation pump to convey a flow of the electrolyte from the reservoir through the reaction zone of each of the cells of the stack, such that the electrolyte passes through the porous positive electrode under the force of gravity and passes by the negative electrode when flowing through the reaction zone.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the negative electrode comprises a metal and the electrolyte comprises an aqueous zinc halide electrolyte.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the circulation pump conveys the flow of the electrolyte from the reservoir to the stack of cells through a feed manifold.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising collecting the electrolyte form the cells of the stack through an upward flowing return manifold and returning the electrolyte to the reservoir.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the electrolyte comprises an electrolyte mixture containing (i) at least one aqueous electrolyte comprising the metal and the halogen and (ii) a halogen reactant.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the circulation pump is located in the vessel, and the halogen reactant is supplied from a source internal to the system.