Systems, apparatuses, and methods for providing non-transcranial electrotherapy

1. An apparatus to provide a non-transcranial electrical stimulus to a biological subject, the apparatus comprising:

a support structure sized and dimensioned to be worn on a portion of a head of the biological subject;

at least one waveform generator, the at least one waveform generator configured to generate an electrical waveform;

for a saggital first side of the head, only a single pair of electrodes consisting of a first electrode and a second electrode, the first and the second electrodes electrically coupled to the at least one waveform generator and carried by the support structure in a spaced apart relation so that when the support structure is worn on the portion of the head the first electrode is positioned on a point proximate and externally anterior of a first ear of the biological subject on the sagittal first side of the head and the second electrode is positioned on a point on the sagittal first side of the head with the first electrode sufficiently spaced apart from the second electrode so as to capacitively deliver a first non-transcranial therapeutic electric stimulus operable to at least partially flow through a first temporomandibular joint within the biological subject in response to a generated electrical waveform from the at least one waveform generator.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the waveform generator comprises at least one of a processor, a wave-shaping circuit, and a digital signal processor based waveform generator.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

a processor electrically coupled to the at least one waveform generator and operable to control the waveform generator.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first electrode is sufficiently spaced apart from the second electrode and operable to capacitively deliver a non-transcranial electrical current to a region of the biological subject external to the external auditory meatus of the first ear so that a major portion of the generated non-transcranial electrical current is spaced apart from the brain of the biological subject and passes through tissue associated with the first temporomandibular joint.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and the second electrodes are spaced apart from one another to be positioned in spatially separted locations external to the external auditory meatus of the first ear and operable to capacitively deliver a pulsed electrical current to the first temporomandibular joint when activated.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and the second electrodes are spaced apart from one another to be positioned in locations in spatially separated locations external to the external auditory meatus of the first ear and operable to capacitively deliver a substantially prolate spheroidal electric field encompassing the first temporomandibular joint of the biological subject in response to a generated electrical waveform from the at least one waveform generator.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and the second electrodes are spaced apart from one another to be positioned in locations external to the external auditory meatus of the first ear and operable to capacitively a non-transcranial electrical field occupying a substantially prolate spheroidal region proximate to an anterior portion of an ear of the biological subject when the first and the second electrodes are activated and the support structure is positioned on a head of the biological subject.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and the second electrodes are spaced apart from one another to be positioned in spatially separated locations external to the external auditory meatus of the ear and operable to transdermally capacitively deliver a non-transcranial electrical current to the first temporomandibular joint of the biological subject when a potential is applied to the first and the second electrodes.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and the second electrodes are spaced apart from one another to be positioned in spatially separated locations external to the external auditory meatus of the first ear and operable to capacitively deliver a localized electric field within tissue associated with the first temporomandibular joint of the biological subject so that at least 10% of the localized electric field passes through the first temporomandibular joint.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first electrode is spatially positioned in the range from about twice the length of the first temporomandibular joint to about four times the length of the first temporomandibular joint away from the second electrode.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first electrode includes a first electrically conductive contacting surface and is adapted to conform to a biological surface external to the external auditory meatus of the first ear and proximate the first temporomandibular joint of the biological subject.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least part of the first electrode comprises at least one electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of silver plated textiles, textiles interwoven with conductive materials, and textiles interwoven with silver threads.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

one or more earphone units carried by the support structure, each earphone unit having a transducer operable to output an audio signal.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising:

an ambient noise cancelling apparatus including a noise cancelling-circuit, the ambient noise cancelling apparatus operable to provide a noise cancelling signal to the transducer to provide active acoustic noise cancellation.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

at least one power source electrically coupleable to at least one of the first and the second electrodes.

16. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

for a siggital second side of the head, opposite the saggital first side of the head, only a single pair of electrodes consisting of a third electrode and a fourth electrode, the third and the fourth electrodes electrically coupled to the at least one waveform generator and carried by the support structure in a spaced apart relation so that when the support structure is worn on the portion of the head the third electrode is positioned on a point proximate and externally anterior of a second ear of the biological subject on the sagittal second side of the head and the fourth electrode is positioned on a point on the sagittal second side of the head with; the third electrode sufficiently spaced apart from the fourth electrode so as to capacitively deliver a second non-transcranial therapeutic electric stimulus operable to flow through a second temporomandibular joint within the biological subject in response to a generated electrical waveform from the at least one waveform generator.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the support structure includes a first coupling member between the support structure and the first and the second electrodes, and a second coupling member between the support structure and the third and the fourth electrodes, the first and the second coupling members configured to releasably hold the first and the second electrodes, and the third and the fourth electrodes, respectively.

18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the apparatus is operable to allow operation of the first, the second, the third, and the fourth electrodes individually or jointly.

19. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the apparatus is operable to allow concurrent or sequential operation of the first and the second electrodes, and the third and the fourth electrodes.

20. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one waveform generator is carried by the support structure.