Process, method, and system for removing heavy metals from fluids
Trace amount levels of heavy metals such as mercury in crude oil are reduced by contacting the crude oil with a sufficient amount of a reducing agent to convert at least a portion of the non-volatile mercury into a volatile form of mercury, which can be subsequently removed by any of stripping, scrubbing, adsorption, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, at least 50% of the mercury is removed. In another embodiment, the removal rate is at least 99%. In one embodiment, the reducing agent is selected from sulfur compounds containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation state less than +6; ferrous compounds; stannous compounds; oxalates; cuprous compounds; organic acids which decompose to form CO 2 and/or H 2 upon heating; hydroxylamine compounds; hydrazine compounds; sodium borohydride; diisobutylaluminium hydride; thiourea; transition metal halides; and mixtures thereof.
1. A method for reducing a trace amount of mercury in a crude oil feed, comprising:
providing a crude oil feed having a first concentration of non-volatile mercury,
mixing an effective amount of a reducing agent with the crude oil feed to convert at least a portion of the non-volatile mercury into a volatile mercury;
removing at least a portion of the volatile mercury by at least one of stripping, scrubbing, adsorption, and combinations thereof to obtain a crude oil having a reduced concentration of mercury;
wherein the reducing agent is selected from sulfur compounds containing at least one sulfur atom having an oxidation state less than +6; ferrous compounds; stannous compounds; oxalates; cuprous compounds; organic acids which decompose to form CO 2 upon heating; hydroxylamine compounds; hydrazine compounds; sodium borohydride; diisobutylaluminium hydride; thiourea; transition metal halides; sulfites, bisulfites and metabisulfites; and mixtures thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent is selected from oxalic acid, cuprous chloride, stannous chloride, sodium borohydride, and mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the reducing agent is sodium borohydride.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent is mixed with the crude oil feed at a temperature of at least 50° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent is mixed with the crude oil feed for at least 30 seconds.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent is in aqueous solution for a concentration of less than 10 wt. % relative of crude oil feed.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding a sufficient amount of a base for the mixture of crude oil feed and reducing agent to have a pH of at least 7.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crude oil feed has a first concentration of non-volatile mercury of at least 100 ppbw.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-volatile mercury comprises at least 25% of total mercury present in the crude oil feed.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the non-volatile mercury comprises at least 50% of total mercury present in the crude oil feed.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein an effective amount of a reducing agent is mixed into the crude oil to convert at least 50% of the non-volatile mercury to volatile mercury.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein an effective amount of a reducing agent is mixed into the crude oil to convert at least 90% of the non-volatile mercury to volatile mercury.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein an effective amount of a reducing agent is added in an amount of 0.01 to 10 wt % based on total crude oil feed.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein an effective amount of a reducing agent is added in an amount of 0.02 to 1 wt % based on total crude oil feed.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volatile mercury is removed from the crude oil by stripping in a stripping unit with a stripping gas selected from air, N 2 , CO 2 , H 2 , methane, argon, helium, steam, natural gas, and combinations thereof, to obtain a gas stream containing mercury and a crude stream having a reduced concentration of non-volatile mercury.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volatile mercury is removed from the crude oil by adsorption in a fixed bed containing a layered hydrogen metal sulfide material having a formula A 2x M x Sn 3-x S 6 , where x is 0.1-0.95, A is selected from the group of Li + , Na + , K + and Rb + ; and M is selected from the group of Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ and Ni 2+ .
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volatile mercury is removed from the crude oil by adsorption in a fixed bed containing an active component selected from the group of sulfur impregnated carbon, ozone-treated carbon, hydrous ferric oxide, copper, nickel, zinc, aluminum, silver, gold, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volatile mercury is removed from the crude oil by adsorption in a fixed bed containing a spent low-temperature shift catalyst.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the spent low temperature waste catalyst is selected from copper oxide, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide, and composites thereof.
20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
removing mercury from the gas stream to provide a treated gas stream;
contacting the treated gas stream with the crude stream to transfer at least a portion of volatile mercury from the liquid hydrocarbon stream to the treated gas stream and thereby form a treated crude stream and a mercury rich gas stream; and
passing the mercury rich gas stream to the stripping unit as part of feedstock to the stripping unit.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein mercury is removed from the mercury rich gas stream in an adsorber having a fixed bed containing a layered hydrogen metal sulfide material having a formula A 2x M x Sn 3-x S 6 , where x is 0.1-0.95, A is selected from the group of Li + , Na + , K + and Rb + ; and M is selected from the group of Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ and Ni 2+ .
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein mercury is removed from the mercury rich gas stream in a fixed bed comprising a mercury adsorbent material selected from the group of sulfur impregnated carbon, silver, copper oxides, ozone-treated carbon, hydrous ferric oxide, hydrous tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, a spent low-temperature shift catalyst, and combinations thereof.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the mercury adsorbent material is a spent low temperature waste catalyst selected from copper oxide, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, aluminum oxide, and composites thereof.
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein mercury is removed from the mercury rich gas stream in a scrubbing system wherein the gas stream is passed scrubbed with an alkali solution of Na 2 S x .
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein the treated crude stream contains less than 100 ppbw in mercury.
26. The method of claim 20 , wherein the treated crude stream contains less than 50% of mercury initially present in the crude oil feed.
27. In an improved process to removal mercury from a crude oil stream containing mercury, the process comprising: a) providing a crude oil stream containing mercury from a crude oil well; b) separating the crude oil stream into a gaseous hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons, mercury and water, and a liquid hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons and elemental mercury; c) charging a mercury-containing gas feed, including in part at least a portion of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream, to a mercury removal unit for removal of mercury from mercury-containing gas feed, thereby forming a treated gas stream; d) contacting a recycle gas stream comprising a portion of the treated gas stream with at least a portion of the liquid hydrocarbon stream for transfer of at least a portion of the elemental mercury contained in the liquid hydrocarbon stream to the recycle gas stream; thereby forming a mercury rich gas stream, and a treated liquid hydrocarbon stream; and e) passing said mercury rich gas stream to the mercury removal unit as a portion of the mercury-containing gas feed,
wherein the improvement comprises:
mixing an effective amount of a reducing agent with the crude oil stream to convert at least a portion of the mercury into a volatile mercury;
wherein the mixing into the crude oil stream is prior to separating the crude oil stream into a gaseous hydrocarbon stream and a liquid hydrocarbon stream.
28. In an improved process to removal mercury from a crude oil stream containing mercury, the process comprising: a) separating the crude oil stream into a gaseous hydrocarbon stream and a liquid hydrocarbon stream; b) removing mercury from the gaseous hydrocarbon stream to provide a treated gas stream; c) contacting the treated gas stream with the liquid hydrocarbon stream to transfer mercury from the liquid hydrocarbon stream to the treated gas stream and thereby form a treated liquid stream and a mercury rich gas stream; and d) removing mercury from the mercury rich gas stream,
wherein the improvement comprises:
mixing into the crude oil stream an effective amount of a reducing agent to convert at least a portion of the mercury into a volatile mercury;
wherein the mixing into the crude oil stream is prior to separating the crude oil stream into a gaseous hydrocarbon stream and a liquid hydrocarbon stream.