Irreversible inhibitors of DNA polymerase beta
Methods and compounds are disclosed for irreversibly inhibiting a DNA repair enzyme that possesses lyase activity.
1. A compound of formula (I):
wherein:
X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyl, O − , and S − ;
R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, multicyclic aliphatic ring systems, multicylic aromatic ring systems, fused aliphatic ring systems, fused aromatic ring systems, and combinations thereof;
R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and —(═O)-alkyl; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a substituent group provided in FIG. 1 .
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
4. A method for irreversibly inhibiting a DNA repair enzyme that possesses lyase activity in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):
wherein:
X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyl, O − , and S − ;
R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, multicyclic aliphatic ring systems, multicylic aromatic ring systems, fused aliphatic ring systems, fused aromatic ring systems, and combinations thereof.
R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and —(═O)-alkyl; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a substituent group provided in FIG. 1 .
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the DNA repair enzyme is selected from the group consisting of DNA polymerase β, 5′-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase Ku70, and Endonuclease III-like protein 1.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the compound inhibits the lyase activity of the DNA repair enzyme.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the subject has cancer.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein inhibiting the DNA repair enzyme treats, inhibits, delays, or prevents the spread of the cancer in the subject.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising treating, inhibiting, delaying, or preventing the spread of the cancer by inhibiting at least one cancer cell involved in one or more biological processes selected from the group consisting of cell migration, cell growth, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion, apoptosis, tumor formation, tumor progression, metastasis, degradation of the extracellular matrix, pericellular proteolysis, activation of plasminogen, and changes in the levels of an extracellular protease.
12. The method of claim 4 , further comprising administering to the subject a DNA damaging agent.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the DNA damaging agent is methyl methanesulfonate (MMS).
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the DNA damaging agent is administered before, simultaneously, or after administration of the compound of Formula (I).
15. A method for inhibiting a cancer cell, the method comprising contacting the cancer or noncancerous cell with a compound of Formulae (I) in an amount effective to irreversibly inhibit a DNA repair enzyme that possesses lyase activity:
wherein:
X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyl, O − , and S − ;
R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, multicyclic aliphatic ring systems, multicylic aromatic ring systems, fused aliphatic ring systems, fused aromatic ring systems, and combinations thereof.
R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and —(═O)-alkyl; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
16. A method for irreversibly inhibiting a DNA repair enzyme that possesses lyase activity, the method comprising contacting the DNA repair enzyme with a compound of Formula (I) wherein contacting the DNA repair enzyme with the compound irreversibly inhibits the DNA repair enzyme:
wherein:
X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyl, O − , and S − ;
R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, multicyclic aliphatic ring systems, multicylic aromatic ring systems, fused aliphatic ring systems, fused aromatic ring systems, and combinations thereof.
R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and —(═O)-alkyl; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the DNA repair enzyme is selected from the group consisting of DNA polymerase β, 5′-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase Ku70, and Endonuclease III-like protein 1.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the compound inhibits the lyase activity of the DNA repair enzyme.
19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising contacting the DNA repair enzyme with a DNA damaging agent.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the DNA damaging agent is methyl methanesulfonate (MMS).
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein inhibiting the DNA repair enzyme occurs in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.