Inkjet gene printing
Provided herein are methods and apparatuses for transfecting a cell with a compound of interest by stressing the cell, e.g. with shear stress. The compound of interest may be nucleic acids, proteins, molecules, nanoparticles, drugs, etc., or any combination thereof. Methods of printing cells with an inkjet printing device are also provided, wherein at least a portion of viable cells (preferably at least 1%) are transfected with a compound of interest. Preferably, at least 25% of the cells are viable after printing. In addition, methods of forming an array of viable cells are provided wherein at least a portion of the viable printed cells (preferably at least 1%) are transfected with at least one compound of interest.
1. A method for transfecting cells with a nucleic acid, wherein at least a portion of said cells are transfected with said nucleic acid, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a composition comprising said cells in the presence of said nucleic acid in a liquid carrier; and
forcing said composition through an orifice so that said cells undergo a shear stress of from 0.5 to 500 ms −1 in the presence of said nucleic acid, wherein said orifice has a diameter of between one-eighth and twelve times the average diameter of said cells, and wherein said cells are stressed for a period of from 0.1 to 10 microseconds;
thereby transfecting at least a portion of said cells with said nucleic acid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least a portion of said cells is at least 1% of cells that are viable after said forcing step.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least a portion of said cells is at least 5% of cells that are viable after said forcing step.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least a portion of said cells is at least 10% of cells that are viable after said forcing step.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 25% of the cells in said providing step are viable after said forcing step.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 50% of the cells in said providing step are viable after said forcing step.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 75% of the cells in said providing step are viable after said forcing step.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 90% of the cells in said providing step are viable after said forcing step.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said forcing step is carried out for a time of from 1 to 10 microseconds.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said orifice has a diameter of from 0.01 to 300 micrometers, and wherein said cells have a diameter of from 0.01 to 200 micrometers.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cells of said providing step are eukaryotic cells.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cells of said providing step are prokaryotic cells.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid comprises a cDNA.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said forcing step is carried out so that said cells are stressed by a shear stress of from 1 to 100 ms −1 .
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition of said providing step is premixed.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein said forcing step is carried out for a time of from 1 to 10 microseconds, wherein at least 50% of said cells are viable after said forcing step, and wherein at least 5% of said cells viable after said forcing step are transfected with said nucleic acid.