Apparatus with a multi-layer coating and method of forming the same
In some embodiments, a printed circuit board (PCB) comprises a substrate comprising an insulating material. The PCB further comprises a plurality of conductive tracks attached to at least one surface of the substrate. The PCB further comprises a multi-layer coating deposited on the at least one surface of the substrate. The multi-layer coating (i) covers at least a portion of the plurality of conductive tracks and (ii) comprises at least one layer formed of a halo-hydrocarbon polymer. The PCB further comprises at least one electrical component connected by a solder joint to at least one conductive track, wherein the solder joint is soldered through the multi-layer coating such that the solder joint abuts the multi-layer coating.
1. A printed circuit board, comprising:
a substrate comprising an insulating material; a plurality of conductive tracks attached to at least one surface of the substrate; a multi-layer coating deposited on the at least one surface of the substrate, the multi-layer coating covering at least a portion of the plurality of conductive tracks, the multi-layer coating comprising at least one layer formed of a halo-hydrocarbon polymer; and at least one electrical component connected by a solder joint to at least one conductive track, wherein the solder joint is soldered through the multi-layer coating such that the solder joint abuts the multi-layer coating; the solder joint is formed on a particular region of the substrate after a substantially continuous layer of the multi-layer coating is deposited on the substrate; and the soldering alters the multi-layer coating at the particular region of the substrate without altering the multi-layer coating at other regions of the substrate.
2. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer coating has a thickness of from 1 nanometer to 10 micrometers.
3. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer coating comprises a first layer and a second layer that are distinct from each other, the first layer and the second layer comprising different polymers.
4. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein:
the multi-layer coating comprises a first layer comprising a particular type of polymer;
the multi-layer coating comprises a second layer comprising the particular type of polymer;
the polymer in the first layer differs from the polymer in the second layer with respect to at least one of the following properties:
molecular weight;
chemical composition;
structure;
geometry; and
porosity.
5. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein:
the multi-layer coating comprises a particular layer of a first polymer and another layer of a second polymer, the layers abutting each other; and
the layers are graded such that the multi-layer coating transitions from the first polymer to the second polymer.
6. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer coating comprises a particular layer formed of a halo-hydrocarbon polymer and another layer formed of a polymer free of halogen atoms.
7. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer coating is deposited such that a metal halide layer covers at least a portion of the plurality of conductive tracks.
8. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer coating is deposited such that there is essentially no metal halide layer between the plurality of conductive tracks and the multi-layer coating.
9. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the halo-hydrocarbon polymer comprises one or more fluoro-hydrocarbons.
10. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer coating comprises:
a first layer comprising a fluoro-hydrocarbon material; and
a second layer comprising a chlorofluoro-hydrocarbon material.
11. The printed circuit board of claim 10 , wherein the second layer is formed between the first layer and the plurality of conductive tracks.
12. The printed circuit board of claim 10 , wherein the first layer is formed between the second layer and the plurality of conductive tracks.
13. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the soldering alters the multi-layer coating at the particular region of the substrate by removing the multilayer coating from the particular region of the substrate without removing the multilayer coating from other regions of the substrate.
14. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein:
a first region of the substrate is coated with the multi-layer coating; and
a second region of the substrate is coated with another coating.
15. The printed circuit board of claim 14 , further comprising a contact attached to at least one surface of the substrate, the contact coated with the single-layer coating, the contact operable to conduct an electrical signal through the single-layer coating to another contact.
16. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , further comprising a contact attached to at least one surface of the substrate, the contact coated with the multi-layer coating, the contact operable to conduct an electrical signal through the multi-layer coating to another contact.
17. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , further comprising at least one wire that is connected by a wire bond to at least one conductive track, the wire bond formed through the multi-layer coating such that the wire bond abuts the multi-layer coating.
18. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein heating a flux at a particular region of the substrate alters the multi-layer coating at the particular region of the substrate without altering the multi-layer coating at other regions of the substrate.
19. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises at least one of:
an epoxy resin bonded glass fabric;
a synthetic resin bonded paper;
an epoxy;
a cotton paper;
a cardboard;
a natural wood based material; and
a synthetic wood based material.
20. The printed circuit board of claim 1 , wherein at least one layer of the multi-layer coating comprises a metal material.
21. A method, comprising: attaching a plurality of conductive tracks to at least one surface of a substrate comprising an insulating material; depositing a multi-layer coating on the at least one surface of the substrate, the multi-layer coating covering at least a portion of the plurality of conductive tracks, at least one layer of the multi-layer coating comprising at least one halo-hydrocarbon polymer; and after depositing the multi-layer coating, soldering through the multi-layer coating to form a solder joint between an electrical component and at least one conductive track attached to the substrate, the solder joint abutting the multi-layer coating; the solder joint is formed on a particular region of the substrate after a substantially continuous layer of the multi-layer coating is deposited on the substrate; and the soldering alters the multi-layer coating at the particular region of the substrate without altering the multi-layer coating at other regions of the substrate.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating has a thickness of from 1 nanometer to 10 micrometers.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating comprises a first layer and a second layer that are distinct from each other, the first layer and the second layer comprising different polymers.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein:
the multi-layer coating comprises a first layer comprising a particular type of polymer;
the multi-layer coating comprises a second layer comprising the particular type of polymer;
the polymer in the first layer differs from the polymer in the second layer with respect to at least one of the following properties:
molecular weight;
chemical composition;
structure;
geometry; and
porosity.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein:
the multi-layer coating comprises a particular layer of a first polymer and another layer of a second polymer, the layers abutting each other; and
the layers are graded such that the multi-layer coating transitions from the first polymer to the second polymer.
26. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating comprises a particular layer formed of a halo-hydrocarbon polymer and another layer formed of a polymer free of halogen atoms.
27. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating is deposited such that a metal halide layer covers at least a portion of the plurality of conductive tracks.
28. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating is deposited such that there is essentially no metal halide layer between the plurality of conductive tracks and the multi-layer coating.
29. The method of claim 21 , wherein the halo-hydrocarbon polymer comprises one or more fluoro-hydrocarbons.
30. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating comprises:
a first layer comprising a fluoro-hydrocarbon material; and
a second layer comprising a chlorofluoro-hydrocarbon material.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the second layer is formed between the first layer and the plurality of conductive tracks.
32. The method of claim 30 , wherein the first layer is formed between the second layer and the plurality of conductive tracks.
33. The method of claim 21 , wherein the soldering alters the multi-layer coating at the particular region of the substrate by removing the multi-layer coating from the particular region of the substrate without removing the multi-layer coating from other regions of the substrate.
34. The method of claim 21 , wherein:
a first region of the substrate is coated with the multi-layer coating; and
a second region of the substrate is coated with another coating.
35. The method of claim 34 , further comprising:
attaching a contact to at least one surface of the substrate, the contact coated with the single-layer coating, the contact operable to conduct an electrical signal through the single-layer coating to another contact.
36. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
attaching a contact to at least one surface of the substrate, the contact coated with the multi-layer coating, the contact operable to conduct an electrical signal through the multi-layer coating to another contact.
37. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
forming a wire bond through the multi-layer coating, the wire bond connecting at least one wire to at least one conductive track, the wire bond abutting the multilayer coating.
38. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
modifying a wetting characteristic of the multi-layer coating by at least one of the following:
plasma cleaning;
plasma etching;
plasma activation;
plasma polymerization and coating; and
liquid based chemical etching.
39. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multi-layer coating is deposited by at least one of the following:
plasma deposition;
chemical vapor deposition;
metallo-organic-chemical vapor deposition;
molecular beam epitaxy;
spray coating;
sputtering; and
spin coating.
40. The method of claim 21 , wherein:
the substrate is comprised in a printed circuit board; and
the coating causes the printed circuit board to be flame retardant.
41. The method of claim 21 , further comprising, during the soldering, controlling wetting of the multi-layer coating.
42. The method of claim 21 , further comprising balancing solderability and protectability of coating, the balancing achieved at least in part by controlling porosity and wetting of the multi-layer coating.
43. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
after formation of the solder joint, depositing a conformal coating on the printed circuit board, the conformal coating comprising at least one halo-hydrocarbon polymer, the conformal coating having at least one of the following properties:
solder-through capability;
capability to permit wire bonding through the conformal coating; and
conductivity along an axis perpendicular to a surface coated with the conformal coating.
44. The method of claim 21 , further comprising:
after formation of the solder joint, depositing a conformal coating on the printed circuit board, the conformal coating comprising at least one halo-hydrocarbon polymer, wherein:
the conformal coating is insulative along an axis perpendicular to a surface coated with the conformal coating; and
the conformal coating has at least one of the following properties:
solder-through capability; and
capability to permit wire bonding through the conformal coating.