Methods for identifying nucleic acid modifications
Methods, compositions, and systems are provided for characterization of modified nucleic acids. In certain preferred embodiments, single molecule sequencing methods are provided for identification of modified nucleotides within nucleic acid sequences. Modifications detectable by the methods provided herein include chemically modified bases, enzymatically modified bases, abasic sites, non-natural bases, secondary structures, and agents bound to a template nucleic acid.
1. A method for identifying a modification, the method comprising:
a) providing a template nucleic acid comprising the modification, wherein the modification is a base modification;
b) providing a polymerase capable of processing the template nucleic acid;
c) contacting the template nucleic acid comprising the modification with the polymerase;
d) monitoring processing of the template nucleic acid by the polymerase, wherein the processing results in the synthesis of a nascent nucleic acid strand, and further wherein the monitoring (i) occurs in real time during the processing and (ii) detects incorporation of single nucleotides into the nascent nucleic acid strand both upstream and downstream of the modification to generate a sequence read that is complementary to the template nucleic acid; and
e) during the monitoring, detecting a change in the processing, wherein the change comprises a kinetic difference during the incorporation of the single nucleotides, and further wherein the change is indicative of the modification, thereby identifying the modification.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the modification is a methylated cytosine or adenine base.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the template nucleic acid comprises a first polynucleotide region comprising the modification and a second polynucleotide region complementary to the first polynucleotide region, where the first polynucleotide region and the second polynucleotide region are on a single strand of the template nucleic acid.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the template nucleic acid is subjected to a treatment to alter the modification prior to the contacting.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the treatment is glycosylase modification to convert the modification to an abasic site, and further wherein the processing results in the synthesis of a nascent nucleic acid strand into which a non-natural nucleotide analog is incorporated opposite the abasic site.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the non-natural nucleotide analog is a mixture of incorporatable non-natural nucleotide analogs and non-incorporatable non-natural nucleotide analogs.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing is rolling-circle synthesis of a nascent nucleic acid strand.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the change comprises incorporation of a non-natural nucleotide analog at a position in the nascent nucleic acid strand that is complementary to a position in the template nucleic acid that comprises the modification.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single nucleotides are differentially labeled to be distinguishable from one another during the monitoring.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the single nucleotides comprise a label linked to a phosphate group, wherein the phosphate group is removed during the processing.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mapping the modification within the template nucleic acid, the mapping comprising:
f) analyzing a portion of the sequence read that was generated immediately prior to, during, or immediately after the detecting the change in processing to determine a sequence complementary to the template nucleic acid;
g) determining the complement of the sequence complementary to the template nucleic acid in f; and
h) mapping the modification at a position in the template nucleic acid that is proximal to the complement of the sequence complementary to the DNA template nucleic acid in f.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the kinetic difference is detected as an alteration in interpulse duration during the processing.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the kinetic difference is detected as an alteration in pulse width during the processing.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the template nucleic acid and the polymerase form a complex that is immobilized at a reaction site on a substrate.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein a plurality of complexes are immobilized at optically resolvable reaction sites on the substrate, wherein a single complex immobilized at one of the reaction sites is optically resolvable from any other of the complexes immobilized at any other of the reaction sites.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the optically resolvable reaction sites are nanometer-scale apertures in the substrate.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the change in the processing comprises a kinetic difference that occurs at the modification.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the change in the processing comprises a kinetic difference that occurs at one or more positions upstream or downstream of the modification.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the change in the processing comprises multiple kinetic differences that occur in different locations selected from at the modification, at one or more positions upstream of the modification, and at one or more positions downstream of the modification.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of a methylated base, a 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a pseudouridine base, a 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine base, a 2′-O-methyl derivative base, N7-methylguanosine, and a bulky base adduct.