Process, method, and system for removing mercury from fluids
Trace amount levels of non-volatile mercury in crude oil are reduced by contacting the crude oil with a water stream containing at least a monatomic water-soluble sulfur species such as sulfides and hydrosulfides. The non-volatile mercury is extracted into the water phase forming a mercury rich wastewater, yielding a treated crude oil having at less than 50% of the original non-volatile mercury level. The wastewater can disposed or recycled by injection into a reservoir. In one embodiment, the water stream consists essentially of produced water.
1. A method for removing a trace amount of mercury in a crude oil feed, comprising:
providing a crude oil having a first concentration of mercury in which at least 50% of the mercury is non-volatile mercury;
mixing into the crude oil an effective amount of a water stream consisting essentially of at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound selected from the group of sodium hydrosulfide, potassium hydrosulfide, ammonium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, calcium sulfide, magnesium sulfide, and ammonium sulfide and combinations thereof forming a mixture;
extracting at least a portion of the non-volatile mercury from the crude oil into water as soluble mercury sulfur complexes forming a mercury rich wastewater; and
separating the wastewater containing the soluble mercury sulfur complexes from the crude oil for a treated crude oil having a reduced concentration of non-volatile mercury.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein less than 1% of the non-volatile mercury in the crude oil is extracted from the crude oil as a solid mercury complex.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water stream consists essentially of produced water.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising recovering the wastewater after the separating step for injection into an oil or gas reservoir.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising treating the recovered wastewater after the separating step for discharge in compliance with relevant regulations.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound is selected from sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crude oil has a first concentration of mercury with at least 65% of the mercury is non-volatile mercury.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 50% of the non-volatile mercury is extracted into the water stream to form the mercury-rich wastewater.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least 75% of the non-volatile mercury is extracted into the water stream to form the mercury-rich wastewater.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water stream containing at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound has a pH of at least 9.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding a sufficient amount of a base to the mixture of crude oil and water stream containing at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur for the mixture to have a pH of at least 9.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treated crude oil contains less than 100 ppbw of non-volatile mercury.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the treated crude oil contains less than 50 ppbw of non-volatile mercury.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water stream contains at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound for a molar ratio of 1.5:1 to 1000:1 of sulfur to mercury in the crude oil.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing into the crude oil an effective amount of water stream containing water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound comprises mixing a volume ratio of water to crude oil ranging from 0.05:1 to 5:1.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is carried out on a floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) unit.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixing into the crude oil an effective amount of a water stream containing at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound occurs in-situ in the formation where the crude oil is extracted.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixing into the crude oil an effective amount of a water stream containing at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound occurs in a pipeline in the production well from where the crude oil is recovered.
19. A method for reducing a trace amount of mercury in a crude oil feed, comprising:
recovering a mixture of produced water and crude oil containing mercury from an underground reservoir, wherein at least 50% of the mercury is non-volatile mercury;
mixing into the mixture of produced water and crude oil an effective amount of a water stream consisting essentially of a base and at least a water soluble monatomic sulfur compound selected from the group of sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, potassium hydrosulfide, ammonium hydrosulfide, potassium sulfide, calcium sulfide, magnesium sulfide, ammonium sulfide, and combinations thereof;
extracting at least a portion of the non-volatile mercury into produced water as soluble mercury sulfur complexes forming a mercury rich wastewater;
separating the mercury rich wastewater from the crude oil for a treated crude oil having a reduced concentration of non-volatile mercury; and
injecting at least a portion of the mercury rich wastewater into an underground reservoir.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the treated crude oil contains less than 100 ppbw of non-volatile mercury.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the mixing with an effective amount of a water stream containing at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound is for at least 15 minutes.
22. A method for removing a trace amount of mercury from a crude oil feed comprising:
extracting a produced fluid containing natural gas, produced water, and crude oil from an underground reservoir via a production well;
separating at least a portion of dissolved natural gas and produced water from the crude oil in the produced fluid to produce a crude oil containing a trace amount of mercury in which at least 50% of the mercury is non-volatile mercury;
combining at least a portion of the separated produced water with a water stream consisting essentially of at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound to produce a sulfur-containing produced water solution;
contacting the crude oil containing a trace amount of mercury with at least a portion of the sulfur-containing produced water solution for the mercury to react with the sulfur compound forming a soluble mercury sulfur complex in produced water; and
separating the produced water from the crude oil to generate a treated crude oil having a reduced concentration of mercury and a mercury-containing wastewater stream.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising contacting the mercury-containing wastewater stream with a stripping gas to convert the soluble mercury sulfur complex to elemental mercury for removal with the stripping gas.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the stripping gas is natural gas having a low mercury content due to prior treatment in a mercury removal adsorbent.
25. The method of claim 23 , further comprising passing the stripping gas containing elemental mercury to an adsorbent bed to produce a natural gas having a low mercury content.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound is selected from sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and mixtures thereof.
27. A method for removing a trace amount of mercury from a crude oil feed comprising:
extracting a produced fluid from an underground reservoir via a well;
separating at least a portion of dissolved natural gas and produced water from the crude oil in the produced fluid to produce a crude oil containing a trace amount of mercury in which at least 50% of the mercury is non-volatile mercury;
combining at least a portion of the separated produced water with a water stream consisting essentially of at least a water-soluble monatomic sulfur compound to produce a sulfur-containing produced water solution;
contacting the separated crude oil with at least a portion of the sulfur-containing produced water solution for the monatomic sulfur compound to react with the mercury in the crude oil forming a treated crude oil having a reduced mercury concentration and a mercury-containing wastewater stream containing soluble mercury sulfur compounds;
separating treated crude oil having a reduced mercury concentration from the mercury containing wastewater stream; and
recycling at least a portion of the mercury-containing wastewater stream for use in producing a sulfur-containing produced water solution.
28. The method of claim 27 , further comprising contacting the mercury-containing wastewater stream with a stripping gas to convert the soluble mercury sulfur complex to elemental mercury for removal with the stripping gas prior to recycling at least a portion of the wastewater stream for use in producing a sulfur-containing produced water solution.