Method and apparatus with negative resistance in wireless power transfers
Exemplary embodiments are directed to wireless power transfer. Antenna circuits use negative resistance to offset resistance from other elements in the circuit. The antenna circuits include an antenna for coupling with a near field radiation at a resonant frequency and a capacitance element connected in series with the receive antenna. The antenna circuits also include a negative resistance generator connected in series with the capacitance element. In the case of a receive antenna, and possibly a repeater antenna, a load is connected in series with the negative resistance generator. The load may draw power from the near field radiation when the antenna circuit oscillates near the resonant frequency. In the case of a transmit antenna, a signal generator is coupled in series with the antenna for applying signal power to the antenna circuit to generate an electromagnetic field at the resonant frequency creating a coupling-mode region within a near field.
1. A wireless power-receive circuit, comprising:
a receive antenna configured to receive power from an electromagnetic field;
a capacitance element operably coupled with the receive antenna and comprising a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value; and
a negative resistance generator operably coupled in series with the capacitance element and coupled to a load, the load configured to draw power from the electromagnetic field, the negative resistance generator being configured to generate a negative resistance value to at least partially offset the equivalent series resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the receive antenna.
2. The wireless power-receive circuit of claim 1 , wherein the negative resistance generator comprises:
an operational amplifier comprising an amplifier output, a positive input, and a negative input, the negative input being operably coupled to a first terminal of the negative resistance generator;
a first feedback resistor operably coupled between the amplifier output and the negative input;
a second feedback resistor operably coupled between the amplifier output and the positive input; and
an input resistor operably coupled between a second terminal of the negative resistance generator and the positive input.
3. The wireless power-receive circuit of claim 2 , wherein the first feedback resistor, the second feedback resistor, and the input resistor are selected to generate the negative resistance value to at least partially offset one of the equivalent series resistance value, an ohmic resistance of the receive antenna, or a combination thereof.
4. The wireless power-receive circuit of claim 1 , wherein the receive antenna is configured to be coupled within a near-field coupling-mode region of the electromagnetic field.
5. The wireless power-receive circuit of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic field is generated at a resonant frequency, and wherein the wireless power-receive circuit is configured to oscillate at a frequency within a range of the resonant frequency.
6. A wireless power-transmit circuit, comprising:
a transmit antenna configured to generate an electromagnetic field;
a capacitance element operably coupled with the transmit antenna and having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value;
a negative resistance generator operably coupled in series with the capacitance element, the negative resistance generator being configured to generate a negative resistance value to at least partially offset the equivalent series resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the transmit antenna; and
a signal generator operably coupled between the transmit antenna and the negative resistance generator, the signal generator configured to apply a power signal to the wireless power-transmit antenna to generate the electromagnetic field.
7. The wireless power-transmit circuit of claim 6 , wherein the negative resistance generator comprises:
an operational amplifier comprising an amplifier output, a positive input, and a negative input, the negative input being operably coupled to a first terminal of the negative resistance generator;
a first feedback resistor operably coupled between the amplifier output and the negative input;
a second feedback resistor operably coupled between the amplifier output and the positive input; and
an input resistor operably coupled between a second terminal of the negative resistance generator and the positive input.
8. The wireless power-transmit circuit of claim 7 , wherein the first feedback resistor, the second feedback resistor, and the input resistor are selected to generate the negative resistance value to at least partially offset one of the equivalent series resistance value, ohmic resistance of the transmit antenna, or a combination thereof.
9. The wireless power-transmit circuit of claim 6 , wherein a receive antenna circuit is configured to receive power in a near-field coupling-mode region of the electromagnetic field.
10. The wireless power-transmit circuit of claim 6 , wherein the transmit antenna is configured to generate the electromagnetic field at a resonant frequency, and wherein the wireless power-receive circuit is configured to oscillate at a frequency within a range of the resonant frequency.
11. A wireless power-repeater circuit, comprising:
a repeater antenna configured to be coupled with an electromagnetic field within a first region of the electromagnetic field for transferring power, the repeater antenna configured to repeat the electromagnetic field in a second region for transferring power, the second region being different from the first region;
a capacitance element operably coupled with the repeater antenna, the capacitance element having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value; and
a negative resistance generator operably coupled in series with the capacitance element and coupled to a load, the negative resistance generator configured to generate a negative resistance value to at least partially offset the equivalent series resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the repeater antenna.
12. The wireless power-repeater circuit of claim 11 , wherein the negative resistance generator comprises:
an operational amplifier comprising an amplifier output, a positive input, and a negative input, the negative input being operably coupled to a first terminal of the negative resistance generator;
a first feedback resistor operably coupled between the amplifier output and the negative input;
a second feedback resistor operably coupled between the amplifier output and the positive input; and
an input resistor operably coupled between a second terminal of the negative resistance generator and the positive input.
13. The wireless power-repeater circuit of claim 12 , wherein the first feedback resistor, the second feedback resistor and the input resistor are selected generate the negative resistance value to at least partially offset one of the equivalent series resistance value, ohmic resistance of the repeater antenna, or a combination thereof.
14. The wireless power-repeater circuit of claim 11 , wherein the first region and the second region are near-field coupling-mode regions of the electromagnetic field.
15. The wireless power-repeater circuit of claim 11 , wherein the electromagnetic field is generated at a resonant frequency, and wherein the wireless power-repeater circuit is configured to oscillate at a frequency within a range of the resonant frequency.
16. A method, comprising:
generating an electromagnetic field with a transmit antenna circuit for transferring power within a region to a receive antenna disposed within the region the transmit antenna circuit including a transmit antenna, a capacitance element operably coupled with the transmit antenna and having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value, a negative resistance generator operably coupled in series with the capacitance element, and a signal generator coupled between the transmit antenna and the negative resistance generator and
setting a negative resistance value of the negative resistance generator to at least partially offset the equivalent resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the transmit antenna.
17. The method of claim 16 further comprising setting a negative resistance value of a receive component of a receive antenna circuit including the receive antenna to at least partially offset a resistance value of another receive component of the receive antenna circuit.
18. A method, comprising:
receiving power at a receive antenna circuit via an electromagnetic field generated by a transmit antenna circuit, the electromagnetic field having a region for transferring power, and the receive antenna circuit including a receive antenna disposed within the region, a capacitance element operably coupled with the receive antenna and having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value, and a negative resistance generator operably coupled in series with the capacitance element and coupled to a load, the load configured to draw power from the electromagnetic field; and
setting a negative resistance value of the negative resistance generator to at least partially offset the equivalent resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the receive antenna.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising setting a negative resistance value of a transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit to at least partially offset an equivalent series resistance value of another transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit.
20. A method, comprising:
repeating an electromagnetic field generated by a transmit antenna circuit, the electromagnetic field having a first region for transferring power, the repeating of the electromagnetic field including creating a second region that is different from the first region with a repeater antenna circuit to transfer power to a receive antenna circuit including a receive antenna disposed within the second region, the repeater antenna circuit including a repeater antenna, a capacitance element operably coupled with the repeater antenna and having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value, and a negative resistance generator operably coupled in series with the capacitance element and coupled to a load; and
setting a negative resistance value of the negative resistance generator to at least partially offset the equivalent resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the repeater antenna.
21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising setting a negative resistance value of a receive component of the receive antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another receive component of the receive antenna circuit.
22. The method of claim 20 , further comprising setting a negative resistance value of a transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising setting a negative resistance value of a receive component of the receive antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another receive component of the receive antenna circuit.
24. A wireless power transfer system, comprising:
means for generating an electromagnetic field for transferring power within a region to a receive antenna disposed within the region, the means for generating including a transmit antenna and a capacitance element operably coupled with the transmit antenna, the capacitance element having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value;
means, coupled in series with the capacitance element, for setting a negative resistance value to at least partially offset the equivalent resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the transmit antenna; and means, coupled between the transmit antenna and the means for setting a negative resistance value, for applying a power signal to the transmit antenna.
25. The system of claim 24 , further comprising means for setting a negative resistance value of a receive component of the receive antenna circuit including the receive antenna to at least partially offset a resistance value of another receive component of the receive antenna circuit.
26. A wireless power transfer system, comprising:
means for receiving power via an electromagnetic field generated by a transmit antenna circuit, the electromagnetic field having a region for transferring power, and the means for receiving power including a receive antenna disposed within the region and a capacitance element operably coupled with the receive antenna, the capacitance element having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value; and
means, coupled in series with the capacitance element and coupled to a load configured to draw power from the electromagnetic field, for setting a negative resistance value to at least partially offset the equivalent resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the receive antenna.
27. The system of claim 26 , further comprising means for setting a negative resistance value of a transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit.
28. A wireless power transfer system, comprising:
means for repeating an electromagnetic field generated by a transmit antenna circuit, the electromagnetic field having a first region for transferring power, the repeating of the electromagnetic field including creating a second region that is different from the first region, to transfer power to a receive antenna circuit including a receive antenna disposed within the second region, the means for repeating including a repeater antenna and a capacitance element operably coupled with the repeater antenna, the capacitance element having a capacitance value and an equivalent series resistance value; and
means, coupled in series with the capacitance element and coupled to a load, for setting a negative resistance value to at least partially offset the equivalent resistance value and an ohmic resistance of the repeater antenna.
29. The system of claim 28 , further comprising means for setting a negative resistance value of a receive component of the receive antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another receive component of the receive antenna circuit.
30. The system of claim 28 , further comprising means for setting a negative resistance value of a transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another transmit component of the transmit antenna circuit.
31. The system of claim 30 , further comprising means for setting a negative resistance value of a receive component of the receive antenna circuit to at least partially offset a resistance value of another receive component of the receive antenna circuit.