Composite metal foam and methods of preparation thereof

1. A structure including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres with an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm, an average wall porosity of less than about 12%, and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter, the spheres being arranged with an interstitial space between the spheres, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix, wherein composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least 35 MPa, a density of less than about 4 g/cm 3 , and an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m 3 .

2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy.

3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys.

4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the hollow metallic spheres comprise a metal or metal alloy selected from the group consisting of iron, iron alloy, steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, chromium, titanium, cobalt, lead, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, copper, and combinations thereof.

5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the solid metal matrix comprises a metal or metal alloy selected from the group consisting of iron, iron alloy, steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, chromium, titanium, cobalt, lead, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, copper, and combinations thereof.

6. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the solid metal matrix is a sintered mass of metal particles.

7. The structure of claim 6 , wherein solid metal matrix is a sintered mass of a mixture of metal powders formed of a first metal powder having a first average particle size and at least a second metal powder having a second, different average particle size.

8. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the particle sizes are about 1 μm to about 200 μm.

9. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure comprises a component of an aerospace vehicle.

10. The structure of claim 9 , wherein the structure comprises a jet engine component.

11. The structure of claim 10 , wherein the structure is a jet engine fan blade.

12. The structure of claim 9 , wherein the structure comprises an airplane or space vehicle body component.

13. The structure of claim 9 , wherein the structure further comprises an open-cell foam.

14. The structure of claim 13 , further comprising a radiation shielding material.

15. The structure of claim 14 , wherein the radiation shielding material comprises a material effective against radiation selected from the group consisting of neutron radiation, cosmic radiation, x-ray radiation, gamma radiation, and combinations thereof.

16. The structure of claim 13 , wherein the open-cell foam is at least partially filled with secondary media.

17. The structure of claim 16 , wherein the secondary media includes a radiation shielding material.

18. The structure of claim 16 , wherein the secondary media comprises a material selected from the group consisting of water, waxes, polymers, and combinations thereof.

19. The structure of claim 16 , wherein the open-cell foam is at least partially filled with the secondary media combined with a radiation shielding material.

20. The structure of claim 13 , comprising a layer of the composite metal foam, a layer of the open-cell foam, and one or more layers of a non-foam material.

21. The structure of claim 20 , wherein the non-foam material is selected from the group consisting of metals, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and combinations thereof.

22. The structure of claim 9 , wherein the structure comprises a landing component.

23. The structure of claim 22 , wherein the structure comprises a component of a landing gear on an airplane.

24. The structure of claim 22 , wherein the structure comprises a component of a landing skid on a helicopter.

25. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a component of a building.

26. The structure of claim 25 , wherein the building component is a shock absorbing brace.

27. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a component of an automobile.

28. The structure of claim 27 , wherein the automobile component is a shock absorbing component.

29. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a vehicle armor component.

30. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a bone implant.

31. The structure of claim 30 , wherein the bone implant is functionally graded in porosity.

32. The structure of claim 31 , wherein the porosity is less at the outer edge of the implant than in the middle of the implant.

33. The structure of claim 31 , wherein the average diameter of the hollow metallic spheres increases from the outer edge of the implant to the middle of the implant.

34. The structure of claim 30 , wherein the bone implant has a modulus of elasticity of less than 50 GPa.

35. The structure of claim 30 , wherein the bone implant has a modulus of elasticity that is within 80% of the average modulus of elasticity of natural bone.

36. The structure of claim 30 , wherein the bone implant has a modulus of elasticity that is within about 50% of the modulus of elasticity of the natural bone of the subject receiving the implant.

37. The structure of claim 30 , wherein the bone implant is a dental implant.

38. The structure of claim 30 , wherein the bone implant is an orthopedic implant.

39. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a medical or dental tool.

40. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a personal protection article.

41. The structure of claim 40 , wherein the personal protection article is selected from the group consisting of headgear, body armor, and footwear.

42. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the structure is a blast panel.