Ligand based forward osmosis
Forward osmosis methods and apparatus using a supported osmotic agent to establish or enhance an osmotic forward bias are disclosed. A supported osmotic agent may be assisted by osmotic agents not attached to a support and/or a pressure differential between an influent and effluent chamber and/or a temperature gradient and/or other means to increase the osmotic pressure in an effluent chamber.
1. A method for producing a purified effluent solution or concentrating an influent solution, comprising:
separating a first influent fluid solution comprising a solvent from a second effluent fluid solution comprising the solvent with at least one semi-permeable hydrophilic or semi-permeable hydrophobic membrane;
introducing at least one supported osmotic agent to the second effluent fluid solution to create an osmotic potential higher than exists in the first influent fluid solution such that diffusion of the solvent to the second effluent fluid solution occurs through the at least one said semi-permeable hydrophilic or hydrophobic membrane;
attaching the said supported osmotic agent to a solid surface in a chamber containing the second effluent fluid solution such that the supported osmotic agent does not detach during the diffusion with the second effluent fluid solution; wherein the solid surface comprises a plurality of membrane layers attached to the said at least one semi-permeable membrane and wherein the said supported osmotic agent is attached to at least one of the membrane layers; and wherein the second effluent solution has a solute concentration less than that prior to the said diffusion.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising increasing the osmotic potential of said second effluent fluid solution, wherein the said increasing further comprises adding a second osmotic agent to said second effluent fluid solution wherein the second osmotic agent is caused to work in cooperation with said at least one supported osmotic agent to increase the said osmotic potential.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of increasing the osmotic potential of the second effluent fluid solution by raising the pressure, increasing the temperature or both on the said first influent fluid solution.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said second solvent and said first solvent are the same.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least one supported osmotic agent comprises a modified chitosan.
6. A method for producing a purified effluent solution or concentrating an influent solution, comprising:
separating a first influent fluid solution comprising a solvent from a second effluent fluid solution comprising the solvent with at least one semi-permeable hydrophilic or semi-permeable hydrophobic membrane;
establishing an osmotic forward bias by introducing at least one osmotic agent to the second effluent fluid solution to create an osmotic potential higher than exists in the first influent fluid solution such that diffusion of the solvent to the second effluent fluid solution occurs through the at least one said semi-permeable hydrophilic or hydrophobic membrane; wherein the osmotic agent is attached to a solid surface which comprises a plurality of membrane layers or a mesoporous substrate;
introducing a single or plurality of osmotic agents not attached to the solid surface; and
introducing at least one of a pressure differential and a temperature gradient between the first influent and the second effluent solution.