Joining via nano-scale reinforced bonding media: materials, procedures and applications thereof
Method of joining articles using microscale brazing alloy particles reinforced with slender nanomaterials is described. Surface modified graphite nanomaterials were dispersed in a medium comprised of metal alloy particles, this dispersion was introduced at the interface between the joining articles followed by heating under ultra high vacuum. The nanomaterial-to-metal alloy surface contacts were enhanced by at least one of fusion, embedment and chemical reaction phenomena under high temperature and ultra high vacuum yielding true nanocomposite at the interface. The fusion, embedment and chemical reaction phenomena enhance at least one of the mechanical, electrical, thermal, durability and functional attributes of these contact points, which translate into improved properties of the joined article. The enhanced contact points enable effective use of the distinct qualities of nanomaterials towards development of joints which offer unique balances of strength, ductility, toughness, energy absorption, thermal stability, weathering resistance and other characteristics.
1. Method of joining two or more articles through a bonding medium reinforced by graphite nanomaterials, the method comprising: (i) dispersion of graphite nanomaterials comprising at least one of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers within a volume which includes a dispersant and particles which form said bonding medium via melting during joining at elevated temperature, with weight ratio of the nanomaterials to said particles ranging from 0.05% to 0.15%, with surfaces of said nanomaterials are modified to facilitate dispersion of the nanomaterials and to increase their interfacial interactions with said bonding medium; (ii) application of said dispersion incorporating surface modified nanomaterials, dispersant and particles on at least one joining surface of said articles, and heating the applied dispersion in order to remove any volatile constituents; (iii) bringing the joining surfaces of said articles into contact; (iv) heating the contacting surfaces in order to melt said particles in the bonding medium, with the molten bonding medium wetting the joining surfaces of said articles, and surfaces of said nanomaterials; and (v) cooling the contacting surfaces to join said articles via the reinforced bonding medium which is solidified, bonded to joining surfaces, and enhanced by surface modified graphite nanomaterials.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said articles are made of at least one of metals, metal alloys, superalloys, metal matrix composites, ceramics, ceramic matrix composites, carbon and carbon composites.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles of said bonding medium are made of at least one of brazing alloys, with particle size ranging from 1 micrometer to 1 millimeter.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said brazing alloys comprise at least one of silver, copper, titanium, tin, lead, gold and nickel.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surfaces of said graphite nanomaterials are modified to improve the interfacial interactions with the said bonding medium by one of methods: (i) coating with at least one of copper, nickel and silver via electroless deposition; and (ii) introduction of at least one of carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups on to the surface of the graphite nanomaterials via chemical functionalization.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dispersant of said bonding medium comprising organic solvent and at least one of surfactants and polyelectrolytes, wherein organic solvent is one of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF) and toluene; wherein said surfactant comprise at least one of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDSA), sodium n-lauroylsarcosinate, sodium alkyl allyl sulfosuccinate, polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), Tween, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP); and wherein said polyelectrolytes comprise at least one of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and polyallyl amine hydrochloride (PAH).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said dispersion comprising said surface modified graphite nanomaterials and said particles in said dispersant is achieved via at least one of sonication and mixing.