Strongly coupled inorganic-graphene hybrid materials, apparatuses, systems and methods

1. An apparatus comprising:

a nanocarbon substrate including at least one of graphene and carbon nanotubes; and

inorganic particles covalently bonded to the nanocarbon substrate and therein forming a hybrid conductor, the inorganic particles including at least one of nickel and iron and being configured and arranged to facilitate transfer of charge carriers with the nanocarbon substrate via the covalent bonds between the nanocarbon substrate and the inorganic particles.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 ,

wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes graphene,

further including a second nanocarbon substrate including carbon nanotubes,

wherein the inorganic particles include iron oxide covalently bonded to the graphene, and

further including additional inorganic particles including nickel hydroxide covalently bonded to the carbon nanotubes.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes oxidized regions of the at least one of graphene and carbon nanotubes, and wherein the inorganic particles are covalently bonded to the oxidized regions.

4. An apparatus comprising:

a first electrode including a nanocarbon structure and inorganic particles covalently bonded to the nanocarbon structure and configured and arranged to facilitate transfer of charge carriers with the nanocarbon structure via the covalent bonds between the nanocarbon structure and the inorganic particles;

a second electrode; and

a charge-passing material between the first and second electrode and configured and arranged to pass charge between the electrodes.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein

the first electrode includes a carbon nanotube having nickel-based inorganic particles covalently bonded thereto, and

the second electrode includes graphene having iron-based inorganic particles covalently bonded thereto and configured and arranged to facilitate transfer of charge carriers with the first electrode via the covalent bonds between the graphene and the iron-based inorganic particles.

6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the first electrode includes a plurality of graphene sheets with the inorganic particles grown thereupon, the plurality of graphene sheets with nanocrystals thereupon being stacked in layers that form an electrochemical pseudo-capacitor electrode.

7. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein

the charge-passing material is a separator between the first and second electrodes and configured and arranged to facilitate ion exchange between the first and second electrodes, and

the first electrode, the second electrode and the separator form a supercapacitor.

8. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein

the charge-passing material is an electrolyte, and

the first electrode, the second electrode and the electrolyte form a battery.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate is doped to include nitrogen and wherein the hybrid conductor includes spinel oxide nanoparticles covalently bonded to the nanocarbon substrate.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the nitrogen-doped nanocarbon structure includes MnCo 2 O 4 bonded thereto.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hybrid conductor includes hydrolyzed CoAc 2 and MnAc 2 .

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hybrid conductor includes a hybrid Co 2 MnO 4 -graphene material.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes oxidized regions of the at least one of graphene and carbon nanotubes, and wherein the inorganic particles are covalently bonded to the oxidized regions and further including the oxidized regions doped with nitrogen.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes inorganic particles being covalently bonded cobalt oxide.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including an interface of inorganic nanocrystals and carbon, the inorganic crystals bonded with respective nanocarbon regions of the nanocarbon substrate via predominately covalent bonds.

16. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes covalently coupled inorganic crystals and carbon, and wherein the covalently coupled inorganic crystals and carbon are configured and arranged to transfer electrons from an active material interfacing with the inorganic crystals to a current collector electrically coupled to the nanocarbon substrate.

17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hybrid conductor includes nanoparticles predominantly covalently bonded with said at least one of graphene and carbon nanotubes.

18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes a region with functionalized structure based on a nanocarbon material, the functionalized structure being configured and arranged to covalently bond to a particular type of inorganic particle.

19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes a region with functionalized structure based on a nanocarbon material, the functionalized structure being configured and arranged to covalently bond to a particular type of inorganic particle, and wherein the inorganic particles and the nanocarbon material are configured and arranged to interact and therein set a conductance characteristic of the hybrid conductor.

20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes said at least one of graphene sheet and carbon nanotube having a content of oxygen of between about 3% and 30%.

21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hybrid conductor includes a β-Ni(OH) 2 /CNT hybrid conductive material.

22. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including Ni(OH) 2 nanoparticles covalently bonded to the nanocarbon substrate.

23. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes a graphene sheet, certain of the nanoparticles are at respective locations on the graphene sheet, and a nanocrystal structure is on a surface of the graphene sheet.

24. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanocarbon substrate includes single-crystalline nanoplates.