Polarization splitter/combiner based on a one-dimensional grating coupler

1. A grating coupler comprising:

a semiconductor substrate;

a one-dimensional (1D) grating element coupled to the semiconductor substrate, wherein the 1D grating element simultaneously couples a first polarization component of an incident optical beam with a transverse electric (TE) waveguide mode in a first propagation direction and a second polarization component of the incident optical beam with a transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide mode in a second propagation direction, wherein the 1D grating element comprises a grating period, wherein the grating period (Λ) is determined by:

Λ

=

2

⁢

⁢

λ

n

eff

TE

+

n

eff

TM

,

wherein λ is a center wavelength of the incident optical beam,

wherein η eff TE is an effective index of the TE waveguide mode, and

wherein η eff TM is an effective index of the TM waveguide mode, and

wherein the first propagation direction is opposite of the second propagation direction.

2. The grating coupler of claim 1 , wherein the TE waveguide mode comprises a first diffraction angle, wherein the TM waveguide mode comprises a second diffraction angle, and wherein a sum of the first diffraction angle and the second diffraction angle equals about 180 degrees.

3. The grating coupler of claim 1 , further comprising an integrated waveguide disposed between the 1D grating element and the semiconductor substrate, and wherein the integrated waveguide comprises a lower cladding layer and a core layer coupled to the lower cladding layer.

4. The grating coupler of claim 3 , wherein the lower cladding layer comprises silicon dioxide, and wherein the core layer comprises silicon.

5. The grating coupler of claim 1 , wherein the center wavelength is in a range of about 1100 nanometers (nm) to 2500 nm.

6. The grating coupler of claim 5 , wherein the grating coupler is adapted to provide a 1 decibel (dB) bandwidth of greater than 62.5 nm.

7. The grating coupler of claim 1 , wherein the 1D grating element further comprises an occupation ratio and a spatial period, and wherein the occupation ratio, the spatial period, or a combination thereof may be varied.

8. The grating coupler of claim 7 , wherein the grating coupler is adapted to provide a 1 dB bandwidth of greater than 46 nm.

9. The grating coupler of claim 1 , wherein the grating coupler is adapted to combine a TE polarized signal from the first propagation direction with a TM polarized signal from the second propagation direction into a single optical beam.

10. An apparatus comprising:

an optical element configured to communicate with a grating coupler via an optical medium,

wherein the grating coupler comprises:

a semiconductor substrate;

a one-dimensional (1D) grating element coupled to the semiconductor substrate, with the 1D grating element comprises a grating period (Λ) determined by:

Λ

=

2

⁢

⁢

λ

n

eff

TE

+

n

eff

TM

,

wherein λ is a center wavelength of the incident optical beam,

wherein η eff TE is an effective index of the TE waveguide mode, and

wherein η eff TM an effective index of the TM waveguide mode

an integrated waveguide disposed between the 1D grating element and the semiconductor substrate,

wherein the 1D grating element simultaneously couples a first polarization component of an incident optical beam with a transverse electric (TE) waveguide mode in a first propagation direction and a second polarization component of the incident optical beam with a transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide mode in a second propagation direction, and

wherein the first propagation direction is opposite of the second propagation direction.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the optical element is an optical receiver, wherein the optical receiver receives the incident optical beam from the grating coupler, and wherein the incident optical beam is formed by the grating coupler combining a TE polarized signal from the first propagation direction with a TM polarized signal from the second propagation direction.

12. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the optical element is an optical transmitter configured to transmit the incident optical beam to the grating coupler.

13. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the optical medium is an optical fiber.

14. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the optical medium is a free-space optical system.

15. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the TE waveguide mode comprises a first diffraction angle, wherein the TM waveguide mode comprises a second diffraction angle, and wherein a sum of the first diffraction angle and the second diffraction angle equals about 180degrees.

16. A method comprising:

coupling a first polarization component of an incident optical beam with a transverse electric (TE) waveguide mode in a first propagation direction with a one-dimensional (1D) grating element;

coupling a second polarization component of the incident optical beam with a transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide mode in a second propagation direction with the 1D grating element, wherein the first propagation direction is opposite of the second propagation direction, and wherein the first polarization component is coupled simultaneously with the second polarization component,

wherein the 1D grating element comprises a grating period (Λ) determined by:

Λ

=

2

⁢

⁢

λ

n

eff

TE

+

n

eff

TM

,

wherein λ is a center wavelength of the incident optical beam,

wherein η eff TE is an effective index of the TE waveguide mode, and

wherein η eff TM is an effective index of the TM waveguide mode.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the TE waveguide mode comprises a first diffraction angle, wherein the TM waveguide mode comprises a second diffraction angle, and wherein a sum of the first diffraction angle and the second diffraction angle equals about 180degrees.