Medical devices and methods for treatment of hypertension that utilize impedance compensation

1. A control unit for determining an electrical leakage between a first electrode pad and a second electrode pad of an in vivo medical device, wherein the first electrode pad is spaced from the second electrode pad, and wherein the first electrode pad has an active electrode and a spaced ground electrode, and the second electrode pad has an active electrode and a ground electrode, wherein the ground electrode of the first electrode pad is electrically connected to the ground electrode of the second electrode pad, the control unit comprising:

an input/output block for electrically connecting the control unit to the in vivo medical device;

a controller communicatively coupled to the input/output block, the controller programmed to:

apply a first signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the first electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the first electrode pad;

apply a second signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the second electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad; and

using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad to determine an estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad.

2. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further programmed to compensate the measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the first electrode pad based on the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad.

3. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein:

the first electrode pad has two or more active electrodes connected together with a first active electrode trace and two or more spaced ground electrodes connected together with a first ground electrode trace;

the second electrode pad has two or more active electrodes connected together with a second active electrode trace and two or more spaced ground electrodes connected together with a second ground electrode trace;

wherein the first ground electrode trace is electrically connected to the second ground electrode trace forming a common ground electrode trace; and

wherein the input/output block of the control unit electrically connects the control unit to the first active electrode trace, the second active electrode trace and the common ground electrode trace.

4. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the in vivo medical device further includes a third electrode pad that is spaced from the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad, and wherein the third electrode pad has an active electrode and a spaced ground electrode, wherein the ground electrode of the third electrode pad is electrically connected to the ground electrode of the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad, the controller of the control unit further programmed to:

apply a third signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the third electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the third electrode pad and the ground electrode of the third electrode pad; and

using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the third electrode pad and the ground electrode of the third electrode pad to determine an estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the third electrode pad.

5. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the controller determines the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad by multiplying a constant by the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad.

6. The control unit of claim 5 , wherein the constant is determined by empirical data.

7. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the controller determines the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad by using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad in a linear function.

8. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the controller determines the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad by using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad in a non-linear function.

9. The control unit of claim 8 , wherein the non-linear function is dependent on one or more of temperature and voltage of the applied signals.

10. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the controller is programmed to apply the signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the first electrode pad of the in vivo medical device before or after applying the signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the second electrode pad of the in vivo medical device.

11. The control unit of claim 1 , wherein the controller is programmed to apply the signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the first electrode pad of the in vivo medical device at the same time as applying the signal via the input/output block to the active electrode of the second electrode pad of the in vivo medical device.

12. A method for determining an electrical leakage between a first electrode pad and a second electrode pad of an in vivo medical device, wherein the first electrode pad is spaced from the second electrode pad, and wherein the first electrode pad has an active electrode and a spaced ground electrode, and the second electrode pad has an active electrode and a ground electrode, wherein the ground electrode of the first electrode pad is electrically connected to the ground electrode of the second electrode pad, the method comprising:

apply a first signal to the active electrode of the first electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the first electrode pad;

apply a second signal to the active electrode of the second electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad;

using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad to determine an estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad; and

compensating the measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the first electrode pad based on the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first signal is applied before or after the second signal.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first signal is applied at the same time as the second signal.

15. A system comprising:

an in vivo medical device having a first electrode pad and a second electrode pad, wherein the first electrode pad is spaced from the second electrode pad, and wherein the first electrode pad has an active electrode and a spaced ground electrode, and the second electrode pad has an active electrode and a ground electrode, wherein the ground electrode of the first electrode pad is electrically connected to the ground electrode of the second electrode pad;

a control unit coupled to the in vivo medical device, the control unit programmed to:

apply a first signal to the active electrode of the first electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the first electrode pad;

apply a second signal to the active electrode of the second electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad;

using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad to determine an estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad; and

compensating the measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the first electrode pad based on the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein:

the first electrode pad of the in vivo medical device has two or more active electrodes connected together with a first active electrode trace and two or more spaced ground electrodes connected together with a first ground electrode trace;

the second electrode pad of in vivo medical device has two or more active electrodes connected together with a second active electrode trace and two or more spaced ground electrodes connected together with a second ground electrode trace;

wherein the first ground electrode trace is electrically connected to the second ground electrode trace forming a common ground electrode trace; and

wherein the control unit is electrically connected to the first active electrode trace, the second active electrode trace and the common ground electrode trace.

17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the in vivo medical device further includes a third electrode pad that is spaced from the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad, and wherein the third electrode pad has an active electrode and a spaced ground electrode, wherein the ground electrode of the third electrode pad is electrically connected to the ground electrode of the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad, the control unit further programmed to:

apply a third signal to the active electrode of the third electrode pad of the in vivo medical device, and in response, determine a measure that is related to an impedance between the active electrode of the third electrode pad and the ground electrode of the third electrode pad; and

using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the third electrode pad and the ground electrode of the third electrode pad to determine an estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the third electrode pad.

18. The system of claim 15 wherein the control unit is programmed to determine the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad by multiplying a constant by the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad.

19. The system of claim 15 , wherein the control unit determines the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad by using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad in a linear function.

20. The system of claim 15 , wherein the controller determines the estimate of the electrical leakage between the active electrode of the first electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad by using the measure that is related to the impedance between the active electrode of the second electrode pad and the ground electrode of the second electrode pad in a non-linear function.