Dual pulse driven extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source utilizing a droplet comprising a metal core with dual concentric shells of buffer gas
An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source pellet includes at least one metal particle embedded within a heavy noble gas cluster contained within a noble gas shell cluster. The EUV radiation source assembly can be activated by a sequential irradiation of at least one first laser pulse and at least one second laser pulse. Each first laser pulse generates plasma by detaching outer orbital electrons from the at least one metal particle and releasing the electrons into the heavy noble gas cluster. Each second laser pulse amplifies the plasma embedded in the heavy noble gas cluster triggering a laser-driven self-amplifying process. The amplified plasma induces inter-orbital electron transitions in heavy noble gas and other constitute atoms leading to emission of EUV radiation. The laser pulsing units can be combined with a source pellet generation unit to form an integrated EUV source system.
1. An apparatus for generating an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, said apparatus comprising:
an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source pellet generator configured to generate EUV radiation pellets containing:
at least one metallic particle;
a heavy noble gas cluster embedding said at least one metallic particle; and
a noble gas shell cluster embedding said heavy noble gas cluster and containing a cluster of a light noble gas selected from He, Ne, and Ar; and
at least one irradiation source, wherein each of said at least one irradiation source is configured to irradiate a laser beam toward a path of said EUV radiation pellets.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said at least one irradiation source comprises:
a first laser source configured to irradiate a first laser beam at a first point in said path of said EUV radiation pellets; and
a second laser source configured to irradiate a second laser beam at a second point in said path of said EUV radiation pellets, said second point being more distal from a location at which said EUV radiation pellets are generated than said first point is from said location.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said second laser beam has an intensity that is greater than an intensity of said first laser beam by a factor of at least 2.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said second laser beam has a longer wavelength than said first laser beam.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said second laser beam is a laser beam from a CO 2 laser, and said first laser beam has a wavelength shorter than 800 nm.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said EUV radiation source pellet generator comprises:
a droplet generator unit configured to emit clusters of said light noble gas He, Ne, and Ar along a droplet transit path;
a metallic particle generator configured to emit said at least one metallic particle along a metallic particle beam direction that intersects said droplet transit path at a first intersect region; and
a heavy noble gas cluster beam generator configured to emit clusters of said heavy noble gas along a heavy noble gas cluster beam direction that intersects said drop transit path at a second intersect region.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein said first intersect region is more proximal to a location at which said clusters of said light noble gas are emitted than said second intersect region is to said location.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein said second intersect region is more proximal to a location at which said clusters of said light noble gas are emitted than said first intersect region is to said location.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said path of said EUV radiation source pellets is a substantially vertical downward path.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein, in each of said EUV radiation source pellets, a total number of atoms of said light noble gas is greater than a total number of heavy noble gas atoms in said heavy noble gas cluster by a factor of at least two.
11. An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source pellet comprising:
at least one metallic particle;
a heavy noble gas cluster embedding said at least one metallic particle; and
a noble gas shell cluster embedding said heavy noble gas cluster and containing a cluster of a light noble gas selected from He, Ne, and Ar.
12. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein a total number of atoms of said light noble gas is greater than a total number of heavy noble gas atoms in said heavy noble gas cluster by a factor of at least two.
13. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein a total number of heavy noble gas atoms in said heavy noble gas cluster is greater than a total number of said atoms in said at least one metallic particle by a factor of at least ten.
14. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein said at least one metallic particles is a plurality of metallic particles.
15. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 14 , wherein said plurality of metallic particles is scattered within said heavy noble gas cluster.
16. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 14 , wherein said plurality of metallic particles is in a configuration of a cluster in which said plurality of metallic particles is in physical contact with one another.
17. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein a total number of atoms of said light noble gas in said noble gas shell cluster is in a range from 10 4 to 10 16 .
18. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein a total number of heavy noble gas atoms in said heavy noble gas cluster is in a range from 10 3 to 10 15 .
19. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein said at least one metallic particle comprises single atom particle of a metallic element.
20. The EUV radiation source pellet of claim 11 , wherein said metallic element is tin.