Apparatus for assay, synthesis and storage, and methods of manufacture, use, and manipulation thereof
The invention features methods of making devices, or “platens”, having a high-density array of through-holes, as well as methods of cleaning and refurbishing the surfaces of the platens. The invention further features methods of making high-density arrays of chemical, biochemical, and biological compounds, having many advantages over conventional, lower-density arrays. The invention includes methods by which many physical, chemical or biological transformations can be implemented in serial or in parallel within each addressable through-hole of the devices. Additionally, the invention includes methods of analyzing the contents of the array, including assaying of physical properties of the samples.
1. A method of loading a platen having opposing surfaces and a plurality of through-holes extending between the surfaces, the method comprising:
a) dipping the platen into a first liquid comprising a sample to be loaded into the through-holes, thereby loading at least some of the through-holes with the sample and leaving a portion of the first liquid on at least one surface of the opposing surfaces; and
b) retaining at least some of the loaded sample within at least one of the through-holes while contacting the platen with a second liquid that has an affinity for the at least one surface but is immiscible with the first liquid, thereby cleaning the portion of the first liquid from the at least one surface.
2. A method of loading a platen having opposing surfaces and a plurality of through-holes extending between the surfaces, the method comprising:
(a) providing a sample mixture to be loaded into the through-holes;
(b) dipping the platen into the mixture, thereby loading at least some of the through-holes with the sample and leaving a portion of the mixture on at least one surface of the opposing surfaces; and
(c) retaining at least some of the loaded sample in (b) within at least one of the through-holes while passing the platen through a fluid that has an affinity for the at least one surface but that is immiscible with the mixture, thereby wiping the portion of the mixture from the at least one surface.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the volume of the solution in at least some of the thorough-holes is less than about 25 nl.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid loaded into at least some of the through-holes comprises a biological compound.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid loaded into at least some of the through-holes comprises a nucleic acid molecule.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid loaded into at least some of the through-holes comprises a fluorophore.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid loaded into at least some of the through-holes comprises a fetal serum.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a biological assay or biological alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a PCR alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a real time PCR alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a gene expression alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a biological assay or detecting a cell alteration in the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising detecting a PCR alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising detecting a real time PCR alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising detecting a gene expression alteration on the first liquid in at least some of the through-holes.
16. A method of loading a platen having opposing surfaces and a plurality of through-holes extending between the surfaces, the method comprising:
a) providing a liquid comprising a sample to be loaded into the through-holes;
b) dipping the platen into the liquid, thereby loading at least some of the through-holes with the sample and leaving a portion of the liquid on at least one surface of the platen; and
c) subsequent to dipping the platen, passing the platen through a wiping fluid to wipe at least some of the portion of the liquid from the at least one surface of the opposing surfaces.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising detecting a biological alteration on the sample fluid in at least some of the through-holes.
18. The method of claim 2 , further comprising detecting a biological alteration on the sample fluid in at least some of the through-holes.