Plasmalogen compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and methods for treating diseases of the aging
Described herein are routes of synthesis and therapeutic uses of 1-alkyl, 2-acyl glycerol derivatives of formula I: which when administered to mammalian biological systems result in increased cellular concentrations of specific sn-2 substituted ethanolamine plasmalogens independent of the ether lipid synthesis capacity of the system. Elevating levels of the specific sn-2 substituted species in this way can cause lowering of membrane cholesterol levels and the lowering of amyloid secretion. These compounds can be used for the treatment or prevention of diseases of aging associated with increased membrane cholesterol, increased amyloid, and decreased plasmalogen levels, such as neurodegeneration (including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and age-related macular degeneration), cognitive impairment, dementia, cancer (e.g. prostate, lung, breast, ovarian, and kidney cancers), osteoporosis, bipolar disorder and vascular diseases (such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia).
1. A compound of formula I:
wherein:
R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and selected from an alkyl or alkenyl hydrocarbon chain selected from the group consisting of: CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 11 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 13 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 15 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 17 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 19 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 21 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 23 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH═CH (CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH═CHCH 2 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 CH 2 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 11 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 13 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 15 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 17 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 19 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 21 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 5 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 5 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 5 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH═CHCH 2 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 5 (CH═CH), CH 3 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 5 (CH═CH)—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 7 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 6 —, CH 3 CH 2 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 3 (CH 2 ) 6 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 4 (CH 2 ) 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 5 (CH 2 ) 2 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH═CH(CH 2 ) 11 , and CH 3 CH 2 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 6 CH 2 —;
R 3 is selected from the group consisting of carnitine, acetyl-DL-carnitine, thiocarnitine, acetyl-DL-thiocarnitine, creatine, norcarnitine, lipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, substituted or unsubstituted amino acid groups and groups of the structures shown below:
R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R 6 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and
R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl,
including racemates or isolated stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 2 is CH 3 CH 2 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 6 CH 2 —.
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of 2-acetoxy-4-(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4, 7,10, 13, 16, 19-hex aenoyloxy)-3 -(hexadecyloxy)propoxy)-N,N,N-trimethy 1-4-oxobutan-1-aminium (PPI-1009), (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-1-(5-((R)- 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecyloxy)propan-2-yl docosa-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-hexaenoate (PPI-1011) and (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-1-(2-acetamido-3-mercaptoprop anoyloxy)-3-(hex adecyloxy)propan-2-yl docosa-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-hexaenoate (PPI-1014).
4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound as defined in claim 1 .
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 , wherein R 2 is CH 3 CH 2 (CH═CHCH 2 ) 6 CH 2 —.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of 2-acetoxy-4-(2-((4Z ,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docsa-4, 7,10, 13, 16, 19-hex aenoyloxy)-3-(hex adecyloxy)propoxy)-N,N,N-trimethy1-4-oxobutan-1-aminium (PPI-1009), (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-1-(5(R)-1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecyloxy)propan-2-yl docosa-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-hexaenoate (PPI-1011) and (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)-1-(2-acetamido-3-mercaptoprop anoyloxy)-3-(hex adecyloxy)propan-2-yl docosa-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-hexaenoate (PPI-1014).