Microwave dipolar heating of energetic polymers for carbon fiber-matrix separation
The present technology provides a carbon fiber reinforced plastic that includes carbon fibers covalently bonded to an energetic polymer and a polymer matrix. Also described is a method for recycling carbon fibers from the carbon fiber reinforced plastic material using microwave energy to separate the carbon fibers from the polymer matrix.
1. A carbon-fiber reinforced plastic, comprising:
a polymeric matrix;
at least one carbon fiber in the polymeric matrix wherein the carbon fiber comprises an exterior surface; and
an energetic polymer interface located between the exterior surface of the carbon fiber and the polymeric matrix,
wherein the energetic polymer interface is covalently coupled to the exterior surface of the carbon fiber.
2. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 1 , wherein the exterior surface of the carbon-fiber is functionalized by one or more groups selected from a carboxylic acid, an acid halide, an acid anhydride, an aldehyde, a hydroxyl, a vinyl, and an amine.
3. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 1 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is covalently coupled to the exterior surface of the carbon fiber through a bond selected from the group consisting of an amide, an ester, an anhydride, an imine, an ether, a silyl ether, a urethane, and a carbon-carbon bond.
4. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 1 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is selected from the group consisting of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), polyglycidyl nitrate (polyGLYN), nitrocellulose, azidocellulose, nitratopolyethers, fluoropolymers, polyvinylnitrates, polyvinyltriazoles, polyvinyltriazolium salts, polynitroaromatics, nitrated polybutadienes, poly(nitrooxetanes), poly(nitrooxiranes), and copolymers thereof.
5. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 1 , further comprising a microwave receptive additive in contact with the energetic polymer interface.
6. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 5 , wherein the microwave receptive additive is selected from the group consisting of metals, metal salts, metal oxides, zeolites, synthetic zeolites, carbon derivatives, hydrated minerals, hydrated salts of metal compounds, polymeric receptive materials, clays, organo-modified clays, silicates, ceramics, sulfides, titanates, silicates, aluminas, carbides, and sulfur.
7. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 5 , wherein the microwave receptive additive is selected from the group consisting of powders, flakes, spheres, pellets, granules, liquids, gels, colloids, microparticles and nanoparticles.
8. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 5 , wherein the microwave receptive additive is deposited as a monolayer or in multiple layers.
9. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 5 , wherein the microwave receptive additive is a microparticle or a nanoparticle deposited by sputtering, electron beam deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or atomic vapor deposition.
10. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 5 , wherein the microwave-receptive additive is present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 50% by weight of the energetic polymer interface.
11. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 1 , further comprising a polymer adhesive in contact with the energetic polymer interface and the polymeric matrix.
12. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 11 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is covalently bonded to the polymer adhesive.
13. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 11 , wherein the energetic polymer interface is in non-covalent contact with the polymer adhesive.
14. The carbon-fiber reinforced plastic of claim 11 , wherein the polymer adhesive is selected from the group consisting of plant resins; protein glues; natural latex rubber; resorcinol resin; methyl cellulose; starch; urea-formaldehyde resin; phenol-formaldehyde resin; polymer cement; acrylonitrile resin; cyanoacrylate resin; acrylic resin; epoxy resins; epoxy putty; polyamide resin; polyimide resin; polyester resin; ethylene vinyl acetate; polyethylene; polypropylene; polysulfides; polyurethanes; polyvinyl acetates; polyvinyl alcohols; polyvinyl halides; silicone adhesives; silicone rubbers; polyvinylpyrrolidone; styrene acrylic copolymer; butyl rubber; nitrile rubber; polychloroprene; polyisoprene; styrene-butadiene-styrene; styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene; styrene-ethylene/propylene; styrene-isoprene-styrene; polyester-polyurethane resin; polyol-polyurethane resin and acrylic-polyurethane resins.