Electrical storage device and electrode thereof
The present invention generally relates to electrodes, electrical storage devices comprising the electrodes, and methods for producing the electrodes and electrical storage devices. The electrodes comprise a current collector, an electrically conductive mat, and a first and second electroactive material, the first electroactive material having a higher energy density than the second electroactive material, and the second electroactive material having a higher rate capability than the first electroactive material. The electrically conductive mat provides a structural and conductive support for at least one of the high-rate and high-energy electroactive materials. The electrodes can be provided in various configurations and be used in high-rate high-energy electrical storage devices to provide improved cycle life.
1. An electrode for an electrical storage device comprising:
a current collector in the form of a current collector grid or plate;
a first electroactive material in a form of a first electroactive material layer;
a second electroactive material in a form of a second electroactive material layer; and
an electrically conductive mat comprising a porous network of interconnected electrically conductive fibres, forming an electrically conductive mat layer;
wherein:
the first electroactive material is deposited upon a planar side of the current collector grid or plate, the electrically conductive mat is layered upon the first electroactive material, and the second electroactive material is layered upon the electrically conductive mat;
the first electroactive material has a higher energy density than the second electroactive material, and the second electroactive material has a higher rate capability than the first electroactive material; and
the electrically conductive mat provides structural and conductive support for at least one of the first electroactive material and the second electroactive material.
2. The electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive mat is a carbon fibre sheet.
3. The electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive mat is provided as an intervening layer separating the first electroactive material from the second electroactive material.
4. The electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the first electroactive material is a lead based material.
5. The electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the second electroactive material is selected from one or more of the group consisting of high-surface area carbon, ruthenium oxide, silver oxide, cobalt oxide and conducting polymers.
6. The electrode according to claim 5 , wherein the high surface area carbon is one or more materials selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, carbon black, amorphous carbon, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibres.
7. The electrode according to claim 6 , wherein the high surface area carbon is activated carbon.
8. An electrical storage device comprising at least one pair of negative and positive electrodes, wherein at least one electrode is an electrode according to claim 1 .
9. The electrical storage device according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one electrode is a negative electrode comprising a first electroactive material selected from one or more of the group consisting of cadmium, metal hydrides, lead and zinc.
10. The electrical storage device according to claim 9 , wherein the first electroactive material is lead.
11. The electrical storage device according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one electrode is a positive electrode comprising a first electroactive material selected from one or more of the group consisting of nickel oxide, lead oxide and silver.
12. The electrical storage device according to claim 11 , wherein the first electroactive material is lead oxide.
13. The electrical storage device according to claim 8 , wherein the device is a valve regulated device.
14. The electrical storage device according to claim 8 , wherein the electrical storage device is configured for operation under a compression force of less than about 80 kPa.
15. An electrical storage device comprising at least one lead dioxide based positive electrode and at least one sponge lead based negative electrode in a sulphuric acid electrolyte solution, wherein the at least one sponge lead based negative electrode comprises:
a current collector in the form of a current collector grid or plate;
a first layer deposited on a planar side of the current collector grid or plate, the first layer comprising sponge lead;
a second layer layered upon the first layer, the second layer comprising an electrically conductive mat comprising a network of interconnected electrically conductive carbon fibres;
a third layer layered upon the second layer, the third layer comprising a second electroactive material;
wherein the sponge lead has a higher energy density than the second electroactive material, and the second electroactive material has a higher rate capability than the sponge lead.
16. A process for fabricating an electrode according to claim 1 , the process comprising:
forming a composite layer comprising at least one of the first electroactive material and the second electroactive material deposited on and/or incorporated within the electrically conductive mat; and
coupling the composite layer to the current collector.
17. A process for fabricating an electrode according to claim 16 , wherein the process further comprises forming a coating of the first electroactive material on the current collector, and coupling the composite layer to the coating of the first electroactive material on the current collector.
18. The electrode according to claim 1 , wherein one of the first electroactive material layer and the second electroactive material layer is in the form of a composite layer with the electrically conductive mat.
19. The electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the first electroactive material layer forms a first layer layered upon the current collector, the electrically conductive mat layer forms a second layer layered upon the first layer, and the second electroactive material forms a third layer layered upon the second layer.