Downhole tool having slip inserts composed of different materials
A downhole tool, such as a fracture plug used during a fracture operation, installs in a downhole tubular, such as casing. The tool has a mandrel with a sealing element disposed thereon between uphole and downhole ends. Slip assemblies on the mandrel can be moved to engage the downhole tubular. The uphole assembly has inserts composed of ceramic material, and the downhole assembly has inserts composed of a metallic material. When the tool is used as a bridge plug, the uphole assembly supports the sealing element compressed, and the downhole assembly supports fluid pressure downhole of the tool. In one particular embodiment, the metallic material is a powdered metal material, such as a sintered-hardened powdered metal steel having a balance of iron, an admixture of carbon, and alloy components of molybdenum, chromium, and manganese.
1. A downhole apparatus for engaging in a downhole tubular, the apparatus comprising:
a mandrel having a first end and a second end;
a sealing element disposed on the mandrel between the first and second ends and compressible to engage the downhole tubular;
a first slip disposed toward the first end of the mandrel and being movable relative to the mandrel to engage the downhole tubular, the first slip having only one or more first inserts composed of a ceramic material in exclusion of any other inserts; and
a second slip disposed toward the second end of the mandrel and being movable relative to the mandrel to engage the downhole tubular, the second slip having only one or more second inserts composed of a metallic material in exclusion of any other inserts.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second slips each comprise a slip body composed of a non-metallic material.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the non-metallic material comprises a plastic, a molded phenolic, a laminated non-metallic composite, an epoxy resin polymer with a glass fiber reinforcement, an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW), a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second slips each comprise a plurality of segments disposed about the mandrel.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metallic material of the one or more second inserts comprises a cast iron, a carbide, a metallic-ceramic composite material, a cermet, a powdered metal, or a combination thereof.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the powdered metal is selected from the group consisting of a sintered-hardened powdered metal steel material, a powdered metal iron material, and a powdered metal high carbon steel material.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the sintered-hardened powdered metal steel material consists essentially of a balance of iron, an admixture of carbon, and alloy components of molybdenum, chromium, and manganese.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic material comprises alumina, zirconia, or cermet.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first end of the mandrel is an uphole end such that the first slip is disposed toward the uphole end of the mandrel, and wherein the second end is a downhole end such that the second slip is disposed toward the downhole end of the mandrel.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the first slip supports the sealing element compressed, and wherein the second slip supports fluid pressure downhole of the tool.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mandrel is composed of a third material comprising a plastic, a molded phenolic, a laminated non-metallic composite, an epoxy resin polymer with a glass fiber reinforcement, an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW), a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second inserts defines at least a partial hole axially therethrough.
13. A downhole apparatus for engaging in a downhole tubular, the apparatus comprising:
a slip disposed on the downhole apparatus and being movable relative to the downhole apparatus to engage the downhole tubular, the slip having an outside surface and first and second ends, the outside surface defining a first hole toward the first end and defining a second hole toward the second end, the first hole having a different depth in the outside surface than the second hole;
a first insert disposed in the first hole, the first insert having a first length and extending a first extent from the outside surface on the slip; and
a second insert disposed in the second hole, the second insert having a second length and extending a second extent from the outside surface on the slip.
14. The tool of claim 13 , wherein the first length is different from the second length.
15. The tool of claim 14 , wherein the first and second extents are approximately the same.
16. The tool of claim 13 , wherein the first depth is greater than the second depth, wherein the first length is greater than the second length, and wherein the first and second extents are approximately the same.
17. The tool of claim 13 , the first hole has a different width than the second hole.
18. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the first and seconds inserts are composed of a cast iron, a carbide, a metallic-ceramic composite material, a ceramic material, an alumina, a zirconia, a cermet, a powdered metal, a sintered-hardened powdered metal steel material, a powdered metal iron material, a powdered metal high carbon steel material, or a combination thereof.
19. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the slip is composed of a non-metallic material comprising a plastic, a molded phenolic, a laminated non-metallic composite, an epoxy resin polymer with a glass fiber reinforcement, an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW), a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof.
20. The apparatus of claim 13 , comprising a mandrel having the slip disposed thereon.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the slip comprises a plurality of segments disposed about the mandrel.
22. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the mandrel comprises a plastic, a molded phenolic, a laminated non-metallic composite, an epoxy resin polymer with a glass fiber reinforcement, an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW), a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof.
23. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the mandrel has a first end and a second end and has the slip disposed toward the first end.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 , comprising a sealing element disposed on the mandrel between the first and second ends and being compressible to engage the downhole tubular.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising a second slip disposed toward the second end of the mandrel and being movable relative to the mandrel to engage the downhole tubular, the second slip having at least a third insert different from the first and second inserts.
26. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the first or second end of the mandrel is an uphole end such that the slip is disposed toward the uphole end of the mandrel, and wherein the other of the first or second end is a downhole end such that the second slip is disposed toward the downhole end of the mandrel.
27. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein at least one of the first and second inserts defines at least a partial hole axially therethrough.