Gas separation process
A process for the separation of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures is disclosed in which a metal oxide sorbent, which is used to capture and release carbon dioxide, is recycled. The process incorporates the regeneration of the carbon dioxide capture capacity of the metal oxide to maintain a high capture capacity over many cycles. The regeneration involves hydrating the metal oxide and then heating the resulting metal hydroxide under a gas atmosphere that is effective to suppress the dehydration of the hydroxide so that dehydration occurs at an elevated temperature. The regeneration may also be used independently from the carbon dioxide separation process to produce, from a metal hydroxide, a metal oxide having an enhanced resistance to attrition and fragmentation.
1. A process for restoring the ability of an alkaline earth metal oxide to react with CO 2 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is used in a cyclic process, wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is reacted with CO 2 to form an alkaline earth metal carbonate and the alkaline earth metal carbonate is calcined to regenerate the alkaline earth metal oxide, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting the alkaline earth metal oxide with water to form an alkaline earth metal hydroxide;
(b) heating the alkaline earth metal hydroxide in a first gas stream, wherein the first gas stream comprises CO 2 , to a temperature higher than the normal decomposition temperature for the alkaline earth metal hydroxide; and
(c) dehydrating the alkaline earth metal hydroxide to regenerate the alkaline earth metal oxide.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein, in step (b), the alkaline earth metal hydroxide is heated in the first gas stream comprising CO 2 to a temperature and for a time and at a concentration of CO 2 effective to suppress the dehydration of the alkaline earth metal hydroxide and reduce the attrition and fragmentation rates, compared to those that would otherwise occur, of the alkaline earth metal oxide formed upon dehydration of the alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is contacted with water vapor to form the alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is contacted with water vapor at an absolute humidity from 5% to 100%.
5. A process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is contacted with water vapor at an absolute humidity from 30% to 43%.
6. A process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is contacted with water vapor at a temperature from 100° C. to 400° C.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first gas stream comprises 20% to 100% CO 2 .
8. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first gas stream comprises 30% to 100% CO 2 .
9. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first gas stream comprises 37.5% to 100% CO 2 .
10. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the temperature in step (b) is at least about 50° C. higher than the normal decomposition temperature for the alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
11. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the temperature in step (b) is from 500° C. to 600° C.
12. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the temperature in step (b) is maintained constant for a period of time.
13. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the total time spent by the alkaline earth metal hydroxide at a temperature that is higher than the normal decomposition temperature for the alkaline earth metal hydroxide is at least about 10 minutes.
14. A process as in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal hydroxide is heated to a temperature from 500° C. to 800° C. to dehydrate the alkaline earth metal hydroxide and regenerate the alkaline earth metal oxide.
15. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal hydroxide is dehydrated in a second gas stream to regenerate the alkaline earth metal oxide.
16. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one step of the process is performed in one or more fluidized or moving bed.
17. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is selected from: CaO; MgO; and mixtures thereof.
18. A process as claimed in claim 17 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is CaO.
19. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide retains an average CO 2 absorption capacity of at least about 40%, measured with respect to the initial capacity, after 75 calcinations.