Metal enhanced fluorescence from metallic nanoburger structures
The present invention provides for metallic nanostructures or nanoburgers comprising a dielectric layer positioned between metallic layers and their use in metal enhanced emissions systems to enhance emissions from fluorophores, including intrinsic and extrinsic; luminophores; bioluminescent species and/or chemiluminescent species. The multilayer nanoburgers exhibit several distinctive properties including significantly enhanced intensity of emissions, decreased lifetime and increased photostability by simply varying the thickness of the dielectric layer while maintaining a constant thickness of the two metallic layers on opposite sides of the dielectric layer.
1. A metallic structure for use in a detection system to determine a ligand of interest comprising:
a substrate fabricated from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, cellulosic material and polymeric material;
a first and second metallic layer with a metal oxide layer positioned therebetween, wherein the metal oxide layer has a thickness from about 5 nm to 10 nm, wherein the first and second metallic layers fabricated from silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, tin, iron, palladium or composites thereof and wherein the first and second metallic layers comprise metallic particles having a geometric shape selected from a triangle, square, sphere, oblong, elliptical, or rectangle and having a thickness from 25 nm to about 1000 nm, wherein the first metallic layer is positioned on the substrate; and
a receptor molecule positioned on the second metallic layer and having affinity for the ligand of interest, and wherein binding of the ligand of interest to the receptor molecule positions an excitable molecule, that is attached to the ligand of interest, in a range from about 5 nm to 30 nm from the first metallic layer.
2. The metallic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first and second metallic layers are fabricated from two distinctly different metals.
3. The metallic structure of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer is selected from the group consisting of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, ZnO, Y 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , Sb 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , WO 3 , PbO, Al 2 O 3 , and Bi 2 O 3 .
4. The metallic structure of claim 1 , wherein the excitable molecule is selected from the group consisting of an intrinsic fluorophore, extrinsic fluorophore, fluorescent dye, and luminophore.