Acoustophoretic device with piezoelectric transducer array

1. An apparatus for separating a second fluid or a particulate from a host fluid, comprising:

a flow chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet;

at least one ultrasonic transducer located on a wall of the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric array formed from a plurality of piezoelectric elements which can be driven by a voltage signal to create a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave in the flow chamber; and

at least one reflector located on the wall on the opposite side of the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer.

2. An apparatus for separating a second fluid or a particulate from a host fluid, comprising:

a flow chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet;

at least one ultrasonic transducer located on a wall of the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric array formed from a plurality of piezoelectric elements which can be driven by a voltage signal to create a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave in the flow chamber; and

at least one reflector located on the wall on the opposite side of the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer;

wherein the piezoelectric array is present on a single crystal, with one or more channels separating the piezoelectric elements from each other.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein a potting material different from the piezoelectric material is present in the one or more channels.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the potting material is an epoxy.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each piezoelectric element is physically separated from surrounding piezoelectric elements by a potting material.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric array is a rectangular array.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each piezoelectric element has the same dimensions.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each piezoelectric element is individually connected to its own pair of electrodes.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a contoured nozzle wall is located upstream of the at least one inlet of the flow chamber.

10. A method of separating a second fluid or a particulate from a host fluid, comprising:

flowing a mixture of the host fluid and the second fluid or particulate through an apparatus, the apparatus comprising:

a flow chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet;

at least one ultrasonic transducer located on a wall of the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric array formed from a plurality of piezoelectric elements which can be driven by a voltage signal to create a multi-dimensional standing wave in the flow chamber; and

at least one reflector located on the wall on the opposite side of the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer;

wherein the piezoelectric array is present on a single crystal, with one or more channels separating the piezoelectric elements from each other; and

sending voltage signals to the piezoelectric array to form a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave that traps the second fluid or particulate against the flow of the fluid, permitting agglomeration at pressure nodes such that the second fluid or particulate increases in size and continuously falls out of the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave through gravity separation.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the particulate is Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0 hybridoma cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, or human cells.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the piezoelectric elements are operated out of phase with each other.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the piezoelectric elements are operated in phase with each other.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the flow rate of the host fluid through the flow chamber is at least 25 mL/min.

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the piezoelectric elements operate at a frequency in a range of 100 kHz to 20 MHz.

16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the multi-dimensional standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force having an axial force component and a lateral force component that are of the same order of magnitude.

17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the piezoelectric array is present on a single crystal, with one or more channels separating the piezoelectric elements from each other.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein a potting material different from the piezoelectric material is present in the one or more channels.

19. The method of claim 10 , wherein each piezoelectric element is physically separated from surrounding piezoelectric elements by a potting material.

20. The method of claim 10 , wherein each piezoelectric element is individually connected to its own pair of electrodes.

21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric array can directly contact fluid flowing through the flow chamber.

22. A method of separating a second fluid or a particulate from a host fluid, comprising:

flowing a mixture of the host fluid and the second fluid or particulate through an apparatus, the apparatus comprising:

a flow chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet;

at least one ultrasonic transducer located on a wall of the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric array formed from a plurality of piezoelectric elements which can be driven by a voltage signal to create a multi-dimensional standing wave in the flow chamber; and

at least one reflector located on the wall on the opposite side of the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer; and

sending voltage signals to the piezoelectric array to form a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave that traps the second fluid or particulate against the flow of the fluid, permitting agglomeration at pressure nodes such that the second fluid or particulate increases in size and continuously falls out of the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave through gravity separation.