Member for electrophotography, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus
Provided is a member for electrophotography that can achieve both an improvement in toner-conveying force under high temperature and high humidity, and excellent charge-providing performance for a toner, at high levels. The member for electrophotography includes a substrate, an electro-conductive elastic layer on the substrate, and a plurality of electrically insulating domains formed in a partial region on the electro-conductive elastic layer. The electro-conductive elastic layer has a Martens hardness of 0.10 N/mm 2 or more and 3.00 N/mm 2 or less. In the surface of the member for electrophotography, the exposure ratio of the electro-conductive elastic layer per the area of a square 300 μm on a side is 50% to 90%, and the average of the areas of the portions of the respective plurality of electrically insulating domains to be brought into contact with the electro-conductive elastic layer is 300 μm 2 or more and 10,000 μm 2 or less.
1. A member for electrophotography, comprising:
a substrate;
an electro-conductive elastic layer on the substrate; and
a plurality of electrically insulating domains on the electro-conductive elastic layer,
wherein:
the electro-conductive elastic layer has a Martens hardness of 0.10 N/mm 2 or more and 3.00 N/mm 2 or less;
a surface of the member for electrophotography includes at least surfaces of the electrically insulating domains and an exposed portion of the electro-conductive elastic layer not covered with the electrically insulating domains;
a ratio of an area of the exposed portion of the electro-conductive elastic layer to an area of a square 300 μm on a side in the surface of the member for electrophotography is 50% or more and 90% or less; and
an average of areas of portions of the respective plurality of electrically insulating domains to be brought into contact with the electro-conductive elastic layer is 300 μm 2 or more and 10,000 μm 2 or less.
2. A member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the Martens hardness is 0.10 N/mm 2 or more and 1.00 N/mm 2 or less.
3. A member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein an average of heights of the respective plurality of electrically insulating domains from the portions to be brought into contact with the electro-conductive elastic layer is 1.0 μm or more and 15.0 μm or less.
4. A member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the electro-conductive elastic layer has a laminated structure including two or more layers.
5. A member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the electro-conductive elastic layer contains a urethane resin.
6. An electrophotographic process cartridge, comprising a developing roller, the process cartridge being detachably mountable to a main body of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, wherein the developing roller is a member for electrophotography comprising:
a substrate;
an electro-conductive elastic layer on the substrate; and
a plurality of electrically insulating domains on the electro-conductive elastic layer,
wherein:
the electro-conductive elastic layer has a Martens hardness of 0.10 N/mm 2 or more and 3.00 N/mm 2 or less;
a surface of the member for electrophotography includes at least surfaces of the electrically insulating domains and an exposed portion of the electro-conductive elastic layer not covered with the electrically insulating domains;
a ratio of an area of the exposed portion of the electro-conductive elastic layer to an area of a square 300 μm on a side in the surface of the member for electrophotography is 50% or more and 90% or less; and
an average of areas of portions of the respective plurality of electrically insulating domains to be brought into contact with the electro-conductive elastic layer is 300 μm 2 or more and 10,000 μm 2 or less.
7. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, comprising a developing roller, wherein the developing roller is a member for electrophotography comprising:
a substrate;
an electro-conductive elastic layer on the substrate; and
a plurality of electrically insulating domains on the electro-conductive elastic layer,
wherein:
the electro-conductive elastic layer has a Martens hardness of 0.10 N/mm 2 or more and 3.00 N/mm 2 or less;
a surface of the member for electrophotography includes at least surfaces of the electrically insulating domains and an exposed portion of the electro-conductive elastic layer not covered with the electrically insulating domains;
a ratio of an area of the exposed portion of the electro-conductive elastic layer to an area of a square 300 μm on a side in the surface of the member for electrophotography is 50% or more and 90% or less; and
an average of areas of portions of the respective plurality of electrically insulating domains to be brought into contact with the electro-conductive elastic layer is 300 μm 2 or more and 10,000 μm 2 or less.