Composition for forming solar cell electrode, and electrode produced from composition
A composition for solar cell electrodes includes a conductive powder, a glass frit, an organic vehicle, and a thixotropic agent, the composition satisfying each of Formulae 1 to 7 described herein. A solar cell electrode is produced from the composition. A method of manufacturing a solar cell includes printing the composition in a predetermined pattern over a front surface of a wafer, and firing the printed composition pattern to form at least electrode.
1. A composition for solar cell electrodes, the composition comprising:
a conductive powder, a glass frit, an organic vehicle, and a thixotropic agent, the composition satisfying each of the following Formulae 1 to 7:
3<TI 10(viscosity at 1 rpm/viscosity at 10 rpm)<5.5; [Formula 1]
4<TI 20(viscosity at 2 rpm/viscosity at 20 rpm)<7; [Formula 2]
6<TI 50(viscosity at 5 rpm/viscosity at 50 rpm)<7.5; [Formula 3]
6<TI 100(viscosity at 10 rpm/viscosity at 100 rpm)<7.5; [Formula 4]
1<|TI 10−TI 20|<2; [Formula 5]
0.5<|TI 20−TI 50|<1.5; and [Formula 6]
0≦|TI 50−TI 100|<0.8, [Formula 7]
wherein, in Formulae 1 to 7, TI is thixotropic index, rpm is revolutions per minute, and each thixtropic incex is calculated by substituting the respective viscosities measured by a rotary viscometer at the stated revolutions per minute using a No. 14 spindle at 23° C.
2. The composition according to claim 1 , comprising:
about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of the conductive powder;
about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % of the glass fit;
about 3 wt % to about 40 wt % of the organic vehicle; and
about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt % of the thixotropic agent.
3. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive powder includes one or more of silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, tin, lead, zinc, iron, iridium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, or indium tin oxide.
4. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the glass frit includes a leaded glass frit, a lead-free glass frit, or a mixture thereof.
5. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the thixotropic agent includes one or more of an amine compound, a castor oil compound, a carbon black compound, a fatty acid amide compound, a fumed silica compound, an organo clay compound, or nano-scale organic-inorganic hybrid particles.
6. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the glass frit has a D50 average particle diameter of about 0.1 μm to about 5 μm.
7. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises one or more of a dispersant, a plasticizer, a viscosity stabilizer, an anti-foaming agent, a pigment, a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant, and a coupling agent.
8. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein a pattern printed with the composition has a linewidth of about 75 μm to about 90 μm, a line thickness of about 15 μm to about 20 μm, and an aspect ratio (line thickness/linewidth) of about 0.15 or more.
9. A solar cell electrode produced from the composition for solar cell electrodes according to claim 1 .
10. A method of manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising:
printing the composition according to claim 1 in a predetermined pattern over a front surface of a wafer; and
firing the printed composition pattern to form at least electrode.
11. A solar cell manufactured according to the method of claim 10 .
12. The composition according to claim 1 , comprising about 3 wt % to 7 wt % of the organic vehicle.
13. The composition according to claim 1 , comprising about 3 wt % to 4.3 wt % of the organic vehicle.
14. A composition for solar cell electrodes, the composition comprising:
a conductive powder, a glass frit, an organic vehicle, and a thixotropic agent, the composition including:
about 50 wt % to about 90 wt % of the conductive powder;
about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % of the glass fit;
about 3 wt % to 7 wt % of the organic vehicle; and
about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt % of the thixotropic agent,
the conductive powder including one or more of silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, tin, lead, zinc, iron, iridium, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, or indium tin oxide,
the glass frit including a leaded glass frit, a lead-free glass frit, or a mixture thereof, and having a D50 average particle diameter of about 0.1 μm to about 5 μm, and
the thixotropic agent including one or more of an amine compound, a castor oil compound, a carbon black compound, a fatty acid amide compound, a fumed silica compound, an organo clay compound, or nano-scale organic-inorganic hybrid particles,
the composition satisfying each of the following Formulae 1 to 7:
3<TI 10(viscosity at 1 rpm/viscosity at 10 rpm)<5.5; [Formula 1]
4<TI 20(viscosity at 2 rpm/viscosity at 20 rpm)<7; [Formula 2]
6<TI 50(viscosity at 5 rpm/viscosity at 50 rpm)<7.5; [Formula 3]
6<TI 100(viscosity at 10 rpm/viscosity at 100 rpm)<7.5; [Formula 4]
1<|TI 10−TI 20|<2; [Formula 5]
0.5<|TI 20−TI 50|<1.5; and [Formula 6]
0≦|TI 50−TI 100|<0.8, [Formula 7]
wherein, in Formulae 1 to 7, TI is thixotropic index, rpm is revolutions per minute, and each thixotropic index is calculated by substituting the respective viscosities measured by a rotary viscometer at the stated revolutions per minute using a No. 14 spindle at 23° C.