Methods of making nanofiber yarns and threads
There is disclosed a method of making a material comprising an assembly of at least one spun yarn, comprising: synthetic inorganic fibers, such as carbon, metal, oxides, carbides or alloys or combinations thereof, wherein a majority of the fibers: (a) are longer than 300 μm, (b) have a diameter ranging from 0.25 nm and 700 nm, and (c) are substantially crystalline, wherein the yarn has substantial flexibility and uniformity in diameter. In one embodiment, the method comprises spinning yarn by pulling fibers from a bulk material with at least one spinner that has real time feedback controls.
1. A method for the fabrication of a spun yarn, the method comprising:
spinning a spindle containing synthetic inorganic nano-fibers from a bulk material;
spinning a take-up spindle to collect spun yarn, wherein the spindle containing the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers is spinning relative to the take-up spindle at a relative angular velocity ranging from 30 rpm to 500,000 rpm, wherein the relative angular velocity is in an axial direction of the spun yarn, wherein the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers are substantially aligned with each other prior to spinning, wherein within the spun yarn a majority of the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers: (a) are longer than 300 μm, (b) have a diameter ranging from 0.25 nm and 700 nm, and (c) are substantially crystalline; and
measuring a feedback signal in real time to control the spinning of the spindle containing the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers and the spinning of the take-up spinal to collect spun yarn.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising attaching at least one molecular component to the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers, the at least one molecular component selected from the group consisting of metallic clusters, carbon nanotubes, metallic coatings, organic functional groups, proteins, peptides, graphene, DNA, and polymers.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the attaching comprises exposing the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers to a process selected from the group consisting of physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, solution phase adsorption, supercritical CO 2 , plasma deposition, and ion implantation.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring a feedback signal comprises measuring a component selected from the group consisting of feedback control of spindle speed, yarn take-up speed, applied capacitive forces, applied magnetic forces, atmospheric conditions, concentration of spinning agent, sliver thickness, shyer alignment, sliver density, spindle fiber federate, roving, dispersion, and carding, and wherein the feedback signal includes automated measurements selected from the group consisting of conductivity, resistance, capacitance, inductance, optical, tension, vibrational frequencies, gamma-ray backscatter, and x-ray backscatter.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the at least one molecular component is applied to the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers with feedback control of the application parameters selected from the group consisting of voltage, temperature, pressure, concentration, composition, frequency, and current, and wherein measuring a feedback signal includes automated measurements selected from the group consisting of chemical affinity, conductivity, resistance, capacitance, inductance, optical, tension, vibrational frequencies, gamma-ray backscatter, and x-ray backscatter.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cabling at least one said yarn with at least another said yarn by:
spooling and spin tightening to form a spun and tightened yarn;
contacting the spun and tightened yarn with a tension controller;
contacting the spun and tightened yarn with another spun and tightened yarn to form a cabled yarn; and
taking up the cabled yarn.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying at least one sizing agent to said yarn, the sizing agent selected from the group consisting of poly-aromatic-hydrocarbons, nanoscale graphene structures, starches, polyvinyl alcohols carboxymethylcellulose, acrylates, waxes, dioctyl phthalate, surfactants, alcohols, and oils.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers are comprised of carbon, metal, oxides, carbides or alloys or combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said yarn has more than one species of synthetic inorganic nano-fibers that are substantially hollow, substantially solid, or filled with a secondary material.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers are chosen from meta-materials, magnetic materials, semi-conducting materials, conductive materials, doped materials, super-conductive materials, adsorptive materials, insulation materials, or any combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising infiltrating said yarn with a polymer.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the yarn comprises a long axis, and the synthetic inorganic nano-fibers within the spun yarn are substantially aligned and twisted about said long axis.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising twisting together two or more spun yarns to form a twisted pair.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said twisted pair is twisted while under a tension resulting in a pressure between the twisted pair ranging from 1 mPa and 30 TPa.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein said tension is translated into an internal pressure with force vectors pointed inward to the global axis of the twisted pair to enhance the integrity of the twisted pair.
16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising twisting the twisted pair with at least one other said twisted pair to form a cable.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cable has a strength of ranging from 10 kPa to 300 GPa.