Methods of making low cost electrode active materials for secondary batteries from ilmenite

1. A method of producing electrode active materials, comprising:

generating a source material of titanium (Ti) and a source material of iron (Fe) from an ilmenite;

performing a first operation to the source material of Fe, comprising:

determining a content of Fe in the source material of Fe;

preparing a first intermediate mixture comprising a source material of A, and the source material of Fe based on the determined content of Fe;

ball-milling and drying the first intermediate mixture; and

sintering the first intermediate mixture to form at least one of the electrode active materials; and

performing a second operation to the source material of Ti, comprising:

determining a content of Ti in the source material of Ti;

preparing a second intermediate mixture comprising a source material of A and the source material of Ti based on the determined content of Ti;

ball-milling and drying the second intermediate mixture; and

sintering the second intermediate mixture to form at least one of the electrode active materials,

wherein each electrode active material is selected from A a Fe x M (1-x) (XO 4 ) c , A a Ti b (XO 4 ) c , A a Ti b O c , A a M b Fe(CN) 6 , or A a Ti b P 2 O 7 , wherein each of a, b, and c, is equal to or greater than 0, and x is in the range of 0-1;

wherein the A is selected from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), silver (Ag), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), ammonium (NH 4 ), or a mixture thereof;

wherein M is an element selected from Mg, aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), Ca, Ti, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), Fe, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), Cu, zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), Sr, zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), Ba, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutelium (Lu), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), cadmium (Cd), or a mixture thereof;

wherein X is an element selected from phosphorus (P), Si, sulfur (S), Mo, W, or a mixture thereof; and

wherein the generating the source material of Ti and the source material of Fe from an ilmenite comprises:

providing the ilmenute;

dissolving the ilmenute in sulfuric acid to form a first mixture;

reducing the first mixture using a reducing agent to form a second mixture;

filtering the second mixture to form a first filtrate and a first retained material;

crystallizing the first filtrate, and filtering to form a second filtrate and a second retained material, wherein the second retained material is the source material of Fe comprising FeSo 4 .7H 2 O crystals;

hydrolyzing the second filtrate to form a third mixture;

filtering the third mixture to form a third filtrate and a third retained material, wherein the third retained material comprises the source of material of Ti; and

calcinating at least a portion of the washed third retained material to form titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ).

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the content of Fe in the source material of Fe and the content of Ti in the source material of Ti is determined by titration.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the performing a first operation to the source material of Fe further comprises purifying the source material of Fe to remove impurities of sulfur and others.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the source material of A is selected from Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH, Li 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 , NaOH, Na 2 O, K 2 CO 3 , KOH, K 2 O, NH 4 OH, NH 4 HCO 3 , or a mixture thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate mixture further comprises at least one source material selected from a source material of M, a source material of X, and a source material of carbon (C).

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a molar ratio of A:Fe/M:X in the first intermediate mixture is 1-1.05:1:1.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate mixture is ball-milled for 3-28 hours, and sintered at 350-900° C. for 5-15 hours.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the performing a second operation to the source material of Ti further comprises purifying the source material of Ti to remove impurities.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second intermediate mixture further comprises at least one source material selected from a source material of X, or a source material of carbon (C).

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein in the A a Ti b (XO 4 ) c , a is 1, b is 2, c is 3, X is P, such that the electrode active material is ATi(PO 4 ) 3 , a molar ratio of A:Ti:P in the second intermediate mixture is 1:2:3, and a weight percentage of the source material of C to a total weight of the second intermediate mixture is 0-15%.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the A a Ti b O c , a is 4, b is 5, c is 12, such that the electrode active material is A 4 Ti 5 O 12 , the second intermediate mixture further comprises a source material of carbon (C), a molar ratio of A:Ti in the second intermediate mixture is 4:5, and a weight percentage of the source material of C to a total weight of the second intermediate mixture is 0-15%.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the A a Ti b O c , c is 7, such that the electrode active composite material is A a Ti b O 7 , the second intermediate mixture further comprises a source material of Na, and a source material of carbon (C), a molar ratio of Na:Ti in the second intermediate mixture is 2:3, and a weight percentage of the source material of C to a total weight of the second intermediate mixture is 0-15%.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second intermediate mixture is ball-milled for 1-28 hours, and sintered at 350-900° C. for 0.5-10 hours.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second retained material is further purified by:

redissolving the crystals of FeSO 4 .7H 2 O to form a solution;

precipitating impurities by adjusting the pH of the solution to between 4.5-6.5; and

separating the insoluble precipitant to form a purified FeSO 4 .7H 2 O solution, wherein the purified FeSO 4 .7H 2 O solution is the source material of Fe;

or purified by:

recrystallizing the second retained material to form crystals of FeSO 4 .7H 2 O;

dissolving the crystals of FeSO 4 .7H 2 O to form a solution; and

precipitating the solution by a precipitant agent to form an insoluble precipitant, wherein the insoluble precipitant is the source material of Fe.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the precipitant agent is selected from phosphoric acid, phosphate, oxalic acid, oxalate, carbonic acid, carbonate, or a mixture thereof, and wherein the phosphate is selected from NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , NaH 2 PO 4 , Na 2 HPO 4 , or a mixture thereof.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the insoluble precipitant is selected from FePO 4 , Fe x M (1-x) PO 4 , NH 4 FePO 4 , NH 4 FeMPO 4 , Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , FeCO 3 , FeC 2 O 4 , Fe(OH) 3 , Fe(OH) 2 , or a mixture thereof.

17. A method of producing electrode active materials, comprising:

generating a source material of titanium (Ti) and a source material of iron (Fe) from an ilmenite;

performing a first operation to the source material of Fe, comprising:

determining a content of Fe in the source material of Fe;

preparing a first intermediate mixture comprising a source material of A, and the source material of Fe based on the determined content of Fe;

ball-milling and drying the first intermediate mixture; and

sintering the first intermediate mixture to form at least one of the electrode active materials; and

performing a second operation to the source material of Ti, comprising:

determining a content of Ti in the source material of Ti;

preparing a second intermediate mixture comprising a source material of A and the source material of Ti based on the determined content of Ti;

ball-milling and drying the second intermediate mixture; and

sintering the second intermediate mixture to form at least one of the electrode active materials,

wherein each electrode active material is selected from A a Fe x M (1-x) (XO 4 ) c , A a Ti b (XO 4 ) c , A a Ti b O c , A a M b Fe(CN) 6 , or A a Ti b P 2 O 7 , wherein each of a, b, and c, is equal to or greater than 0, and x is in the range of 0-1;

wherein the A is selected from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), silver (Ag), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), ammonium (NH 4 ), or a mixture thereof;

wherein M is an element selected from Mg, aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), Ca, Ti, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), Fe, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), Cu, zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), Sr, zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), Ba, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutelium (Lu), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), cadmium (Cd), or a mixture thereof;

wherein X is an element selected from phosphorus (P), Si, sulfur (S), Mo, W, or a mixture thereof; and

wherein the generating the source material of Ti and the source material of Fe from the ilmenite comprises:

providing the ilmenite;

adding 80% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and air to the ilmenite to form a first mixture;

separating the first mixture to form a first liquid and a first solid material;

dissolving the first solid mixture in hydrogen chloride to form a second mixture;

separating the second mixture to form a second liquid and a second solid material;

extracting Fe from the second liquid to form the source material of Fe and a remnant material;

hydrolyzing the remnant material to form a third mixture;

filtering the third mixture to form a filtrate and a retained material, wherein the retained material comprises the source material of Ti; and

calcinating at least a portion of the retained material to form titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ).

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the performing the first operation to the source material of Fe further comprises:

reverse extracting a Fe containing material to form a reverse extracted material, wherein the Fe containing material is extracted by the extracting agent from the second liquid; and

adding water to the reverse extracted material to form a Fe 3+ containing solution;

precipitating the Fe 3+ in the Fe 3+ containing material by a phosphate or a phosphoric acid to form iron phosphate.

19. A method of producing at least one electrode active material, comprising:

generating a source material of titanium (Ti) and a source material of iron (Fe) from an ilmenite; and

performing an operation to a source material of a base material, wherein the base material is Ti or Fe, wherein the operation comprises:

determining a content of the base material in the source material of the base material;

preparing an intermediate mixture comprising a source material of A and the source material of the base material based on the determined content of the base material;

ball-milling and drying the intermediate mixture; and

sintering the intermediate mixture to form the at least one electrode active material,

wherein the at least one electrode active material is selected from A a Fe x M (1-x) (XO 4 ) c , A a Ti b (XO 4 ) c , A a Ti b O c , A a M b Fe(CN) 6 , or A a Ti b P 2 O 7 ,wherein each of a, b, and c is equal to or greater than 0, and x is in the range of 0-1;

wherein the A is selected from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), silver (Ag), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), ammonium (NH 4 ), or a mixture thereof;

wherein M is an element selected from Mg, aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), Ca, titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), Cu, zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), Sr, zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn),lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutelium (Lu), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), cadmium (Cd), or a mixture thereof;

wherein X is an element selected from phosphorus (P), Si, sulfur (S), Mo, W, or a mixture thereof; and

wherein the generating the source material of Ti and the source material of Fe from an ilmenite comprises:

providing the ilmenite;

dissolving the ilmenite in sulfuric acid to form a first mixture;

reducing the first mixture using a reducing agent to form a second mixture;

filtering the second mixture to form a first filtrate and a first retained material;

crystallizing the first filtrate, and filtering to form a second filtrate and a second retained material, wherein the second retained material is the source material of Fe comprising FeSO 4 .7H 2 O crystals;

hydrolyzing the second filtrate to form a third mixture;

filtering the third mixture to form a third filtrate and a third retained material, wherein the third retained material comprises the source of material of Ti; and

calcinating at least a portion of the washed third retained material to form titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ).