Flow battery and usage thereof
A voltaic cell comprising an iron in alkali anode where metal iron is oxidized to iron II hydroxide and a ferricyanide in alkali cathode where ferricyanide is reduced to ferrocyanide, and uses thereof.
1. A method of storing electricity by charging a redox battery cell, having a cathode half cell and an anode half cell ionically coupled by a semi-permeable membrane, said anode (on charging) half cell including ferrocyanide in a first alkaline solution, and said cathode (on charging) half cell comprising a solid metal iron electrode together with iron hydroxide in contact with a second alkali solution formulated so that said iron and iron hydroxide cathode is substantially insoluble therein, said method comprising providing a flow of conventional electricity via an external circuit to the cathode, thereby providing a flow of electrons to said anode, reducing iron hydroxide to metallic iron at the cathode of the flow battery with said flow of electrons and oxidizing ferrocyanide to ferricyanide at the anode of said flow battery by said flow of electricity extracting electrons from the anode, thereby charging said redox battery cell.
2. A redox battery cell arranged to provide electricity to an external load, and having a cathode half cell and an anode half cell ionically coupled by a semipermeable membrane said cathode half cell including ferricyanide in a first alkaline solution in contact with a cathode current collector, and said anode half cell comprising a solid phase metal iron electrode in contact with a second alkali solution formulated so that said iron-metal electrode is substantially insoluble therein and is converted to insoluble iron-hydroxide on discharging,
wherein on discharge, the metal iron of the anode first electrode is oxidizable into iron hydroxide, and the ferricyanide of the cathode second electrode is reducible into ferrocyanide by the electro-chemical reaction:
Fe+2FeIII(CN) 6 3− +2OH − =2FeII(CN) 6 4− +Fe(OH) 2 .
3. The redox cell of claim 2 , wherein the cathode current collector comprises an inert catalytic porous structure.
4. The redox cell of claim 2 , wherein the cathode current collector is selected from the group consisting of nickel and carbon.
5. The redox cell of claim 2 , wherein the second alkali solution is selected from the group consisting of aqueous NaOH, KOH, LiOH and their mixtures.
6. The redox cell of claim 2 , wherein ferricyanide ions are provided by mixing an aqueous alkali selected from the group consisting of KOH, NaOH and LiOH together with a ferricyanide selected from the group consisting of sodium ferricyanide and potassium ferricyanide.
7. The redox cell of claim 2 , wherein iron is oxidizable to iron hydroxide and the ferricyanide is reducible to ferrocyanide by passing a discharging current through said redox cell.
8. The redox voltaic cell of claim 2 further comprising a pump and storage tank for pumping and storing at least one of the group comprising ferricyanide and ferrocyanide solutions and their mixtures, and said voltaic cell is thereby configured as a flow cell.
9. The redox cell of claim 8 , wherein the storage tank is separated into two compartments by a dividing wall that allows delivery of ferricyanide solution to the cell and receipt of ferrocyanide solution from the cell while keeping the ferricyanide and ferrocyanide solutions separate.
10. A battery comprising a plurality of redox cells of claim 2 arranged in series and/or in parallel.
11. The battery of claim 10 comprising different series
parallel configurations of redox cells on charge and discharge, said battery for power conversion between one voltage and another voltage.
12. The battery of claim 10 further comprising at least one pump and at least one storage tank for pumping and storing ferricyanide and/or ferrocyanide solutions.
13. The battery of claim 10 configured as a DC/DC power converter.
14. The battery of claim 10 further comprising a switching gear and configured as one of the group consisting of AC/DC, AC/AC and DC/AC converters.
15. The redox battery cell of claim 2 , wherein said semi-permeable membrane is configured to allow transfer of certain sodium, potassium, lithium, or hydroxide ions while substantially preventing passage of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide ions.
16. A process for discharging a redox battery to provide electrical current to an external load coupled across said half cells, said battery including an anode half cell and a cathode half cell, both said half cells ionically coupled by a semi-permeable membrane, said process comprising the steps of:
a) oxidizing a solid iron metal electrode of said anode half cell into insoluble iron hydroxide in an alkaline environment;
b) simultaneous to step (a), reducing ferricyanide of the cathode half cell to ferrocyanide in an alkaline environment; and,
c) providing electrical current to said external load coupled between said half cells
wherein on discharge, the metal iron of the anode first electrode is oxidizable into iron hydroxide, and the ferricyanide of the cathode second electrode is reducible into ferrocyanide by the electro-chemical reaction:
Fe+2FeIII(CN) 6 3− +2OH − =2FeII(CN) 6 4− +Fe(OH) 2 .
17. The process of claim 16 , wherein said semi-permeable membrane is configured to allow transfer of certain sodium, potassium, lithium, or hydroxide ions while substantially preventing the passage of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide ions.