Negative active material, lithium battery including the negative active material, and method of preparing the negative active material
A negative active material including: a composite particle including a non-carbonaceous nanoparticle that allows lithiation and delithiation of lithium ions, and a (meth)acryl polymer disposed on a surface of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle; and a crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet.
1. A negative active material comprising:
a composite particle comprising
a non-carbonaceous nanoparticle that allows lithiation and delithiation of lithium ions, and
a (meth)acryl polymer disposed on a surface of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle; and
a crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet,
wherein an average particle diameter of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle is less than or equal to about 500 nanometers.
2. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the (meth)acryl polymer comprises at least one monomer repeat unit selected from —(C 3 H 3 N)—, —(C 3 H 5 NO)—, —(C 3 H 4 O 2 )—, and —(C 3 H 3 O 2 R)— wherein R is selected from a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group, a C 6 -C 20 aryl group, and a C 3 -C 20 heteroaryl group, and wherein a weight-average molecular weight of the (meth)acryl polymer is from about 100,000 Daltons to about 1,000,000 Daltons.
3. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the (meth)acryl polymer comprises at least one selected from polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, and a poly(meth)acrylate.
4. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the (meth)acryl polymer is from about 1 to about 40 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of a total weight of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle and the (meth)acryl polymer.
5. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the (meth)acryl polymer is in a form of a layer on the surface of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle, and wherein a thickness of the layer of the (meth)acryl polymer is from about 0.1 nanometer to about 50 nanometers.
6. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle comprises at least one element selected from silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and bismuth (Bi).
7. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle comprises a material selected from Si, SiO x wherein 0<x<2, an alloy of the formula Si—Z wherein Z is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, a Group 16 element, a transition metal, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof and is not Si; Sn, SnO 2 , an alloy of the formula Sn—Z wherein Z′ is at least one selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, a Group 16 element, a transition metal, and a rare earth element and is not Sn.
8. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein an average particle diameter of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle is from about 1 nanometer to about 500 nanometers.
9. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle comprises a first non-carbonaceous nanoparticle and a second non-carbonaceous nanoparticle, wherein the first and second non-carbonaceous nanoparticles are connected to each other in a linear form to form a secondary particle.
10. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet comprises a polycyclic nanosheet comprising planar rings of carbon atoms, a laminate of the polycyclic nanosheet, an oxide of the polycyclic nanosheet, or a combination thereof.
11. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet is from about 0.1 nanometer to about 50 nanometers.
12. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein an average area of the crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet is from about 1 square micrometer to about 100 square micrometers.
13. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the composite particle and the crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet are mixed together.
14. The negative active material of claim 1 , wherein the composite particle and the crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet are combined in a weight ratio of about 70:30 to about 95:5.
15. A lithium battery comprising:
a negative electrode comprising the negative active material of claim 1 ;
a positive electrode disposed facing the negative electrode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
16. The lithium battery of claim 15 , wherein the lithium battery is a flexible lithium battery.
17. A method of preparing a negative active material, the method comprising:
combining a (meth)acryl polymer, a non-carbonaceous nanoparticle that allows lithiation and delithiation of lithium ions, and a solvent to form a mixture;
combining the mixture and a surfactant to form an emulsion;
heat-treating the emulsion;
washing the heat-treated emulsion to form a composite particle comprising the (meth)acryl polymer on a surface of the non-carbonaceous nanoparticle; and
mixing the composite particle with a crystalline carbonaceous nanosheet to form the negative active material.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the surfactant comprises a non-ionizing polyether surfactant.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the non-ionizing polyether surfactant comprises a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer or a derivate thereof.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the solvent is a polar organic solvent.