Acoustophoretic clarification of particle-laden non-flowing fluids
Acoustophoretic devices for separating particles from a non-flowing host fluid are disclosed. The devices include a substantially acoustically transparent container and a separation unit, with the container being placed within the separation unit. An ultrasonic transducer in the separation unit creates a planar or multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave within the container, trapping particles disposed within the non-flowing fluid and causing them to coalesce or agglomerate, then separate due to buoyancy or gravity forces.
1. An acoustophoretic device for clarifying a discrete volume of fluid, comprising:
a substantially acoustically transparent container; and
a separation unit configured to receive the container and including (i) at least one ultrasonic transducer having a piezoelectric material driven by a voltage signal to create a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the container comprises plastic, glass, polycarbonate, low-density polyethylene, or high-density polyethylene.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ultrasonic transducer is at least a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer, wherein the first ultrasonic transducer is driven to form a planar acoustic standing wave, and wherein the second ultrasonic transducer is driven to form the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force that includes an axial force component and a lateral force component that are of the same order of magnitude.
5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a support structure for moving the container and the at least one ultrasonic transducer relative to each other.
6. The device of claim 5 , further comprising a wall in the separation unit, wherein the support structure moves the at least one ultrasonic transducer vertically along one wall of the separation unit.
7. The device of claim 5 , further comprising a wall in the separation unit, wherein the at least one ultrasonic transducer is fixed in position on the at least one wall of the separation unit, and the separation unit moves relative to the container.
8. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a wall in the separation unit, wherein the separation unit is sized so as to provide an interstitial space between the at least one wall and the container.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ultrasonic transducer is a plurality of ultrasonic transducers located on a common wall of the separation unit or located opposite each other.
10. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a reflector located on a wall of the separation unit opposite the at least one ultrasonic transducer.
11. A method for separating a second fluid or particulate from a host fluid, comprising:
placing a substantially acoustically transparent container containing a discrete volume of the mixture of the host fluid and the second fluid or particulate into a a separation unit, wherein the separation unit includes at least one ultrasonic transducer configured to create an acoustic standing wave; and
driving the at least one ultrasonic transducer to create the acoustic standing wave in the container, such that the second fluid or particulate is trapped in the acoustic standing wave, clumps, clusters, agglomerates, or coalesces together, and continuously rises or settles out of the host fluid due to buoyancy or gravity forces.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the particulate is Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0 hybridoma cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, insect cells, or human cells.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising placing a fluid in an interstitial space between the at least one transducer and the container prior to driving the at least one ultrasonic transducer.
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising moving the container and the separation unit relative to each other to sweep the non-flowing mixture from a lower end of the container to an upper end of the container or to sweep the non-flowing mixture from the upper end of the container to the lower end of the container.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the container and the separation unit move relative to each other at a linear velocity of from about 0.1 millimeter/second to about 1 centimeter/second.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one ultrasonic transducer comprises:
a housing having a top end, a bottom end, and an interior volume; and
a piezoelectric element at the bottom end of the housing that includes an exposed exterior surface and an interior surface, the piezoelectric element being able to vibrate when driven by a voltage signal.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein a backing layer contacts the interior surface of the piezoelectric element, the backing layer being made of a substantially acoustically transparent material.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one ultrasonic transducer is at least a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer located on a common wall of the separation unit;
wherein the first ultrasonic transducer is driven to form a planar acoustic standing wave; and
wherein the second ultrasonic transducer is driven to form a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave.
19. An acoustophoretic device for clarifying a non-flowing fluid, comprising:
a disposable separation bag including an exterior surface and an interior volume bounded by the exterior surface; and
an ultrasonic transducer at least partially disposed inward of the exterior surface of the separation bag, the ultrasonic transducer including a piezoelectric material configured to be driven by a voltage signal to create an acoustic standing wave within the interior volume of the disposable separation bag.
20. The device of claim 19 , wherein the separation bag is made from at least two layers of differentially functioning polymers, the ultrasonic transducer being disposed between the at least two layers.