Multi-step separation process
The present invention provides a chromatographic separation process for recovering a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) product from a feed mixture, which comprises: (a) purifying the feed mixture in a first chromatographic separation step using an eluent a mixture of water and a first organic solvent, to obtain an intermediate product; and (b) purifying the intermediate product in a second chromatographic separation step using as eluent a mixture of water and a second organic solvent, to obtain the PUFA product, wherein the second organic solvent is different from the first organic solvent and has a polarity index which differs from the polarity index of the first organic solvent by between 0.1 and 2.0, wherein the PUFA product is other than alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), linoleic acid, an ALA mono- di- or triglyceride, a GLA mono- di- or triglyceride, a linoleic acid mono- di- or triglyceride, an ALA C 1 -C 4 alkyl ester, a GLA C 1 -C 4 alkyl ester or a linoleic acid C 1 -C 4 alkyl ester or a mixture thereof.
1. A chromatographic separation process for recovering a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) product from a feed mixture, which comprises:
(a) purifying the feed mixture in a first chromatographic separation step using as eluent a mixture of water and a first organic solvent, to obtain an intermediate product; and
(b) purifying the intermediate product in a second chromatographic separation step using as eluent a mixture of water and a second organic solvent, to obtain the PUFA product,
wherein the second organic solvent is different from the first organic solvent and has a polarity index which differs from the polarity index of the first organic solvent by between 0.1 and 2.0,
wherein the PUFA product is other than alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), linoleic acid, an ALA mono- di- or triglyceride, a GLA mono- di- or triglyceride, a linoleic acid mono, di- or triglyceride, an ALA C1-C4 alkyl ester, a GLA C1-C4 alkyl ester or a linoleic acid C1-C4 alkyl ester or a mixture thereof.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product is other than a C18 PUFA, a C18 PUFA mono-, di- or triglyceride, or a C18 PUFA alkyl ester.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second organic solvents both have a polarity index of 3.9 or greater.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second organic solvents are selected from acetonitrile and methanol.
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first organic solvent:water ratio is from 99.9:0.1 to 75:25 parts by volume, or from 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 parts by volume.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the second organic solvent:water ratio is from 99.9:0.1 to 75:25 parts by volume, or from 90:10 to 85:15 parts by volume.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first organic solvent is methanol and the second organic solvent is acetonitrile, and wherein (a) the methanol:water ratio is from 99.9:0.1 to 85:15 parts by volume, or from 99.9:0.5 to 88:13 parts by volume, and/or (b) the acetonitrile:water ratio is from 90:10 to 80:20 parts by volume or from 88:12 to 85:15 parts by volume.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first organic solvent is acetonitrile and the second organic solvent is methanol, and wherein (a) the acetonitrile:water ratio is from 99:1 to 75:25 parts by volume or from 96:4 to 80:20 parts by volume, and/or (b) the methanol:water ratio is from 95:5 to 85:15 parts by volume, or from 93:7 to 90:10 parts by volume.
9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product is at least one ω-3 PUFA or at least one ω-3 PUFA derivative, wherein the PUFA derivative is a PUFA in the form of a mono-, di- or tri-glyceride, ester, phospholipid, amide, lactone, or a salt.
10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product is eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), EPA triglyceride, DHA triglyceride, EPA ethyl ester or DHA ethyl ester.
11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product is EPA, or EPA ethyl ester.
12. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product is obtained in the second separation step at a purity greater than 95 wt %, or greater than 97 wt %, or greater than 98 wt %, or greater than 98.4 wt %.
13. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product contains less than 1 wt %, or less than 0.5 wt %, or less than 0.25 wt %, or less than 0.1 wt %, or less than 0.05 wt %, or less than 0.01 wt %, of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), mono-, di- and triglycerides of ALA and C1-C4 alkyl esters of ALA.
14. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the PUFA product contains less than 1 wt %, or less than 0.5 wt %, or less than 0.25 wt %, or less than 0.1 wt %, or less than 0.05 wt %, or less than 0.01 wt %, of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), mono-, di- and triglycerides of GLA and C1-C4 alkyl esters of GLA.
15. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the feed mixture comprises:
(i) the PUFA product, and/or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the PUFA product and/or a C1-C4 alkyl ester of the PUFA product, and
(ii) ALA and/or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of ALA and/or a C1-C4 alkyl ester of ALA.
16. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the feed mixture comprises:
(i) the PUFA product, and/or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of the PUFA product and/or a C1-C4 alkyl ester of the PUFA product, and
(ii) GLA and/or a mono-, di- or triglyceride of GLA and/or a C1-C4 alkyl ester of GLA.
17. The process according to claim 1 , wherein
the first chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the feed mixture into a stationary bed chromatography apparatus and the second chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the intermediate product into a stationary bed chromatography apparatus;
the first chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the feed mixture into a stationary bed apparatus and the second chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the intermediate product into a simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus;
the first chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the feed mixture into a simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus and the second chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the intermediate product into a stationary bed chromatography apparatus; or
the first chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the feed mixture into a simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus and the second chromatographic separation step comprises introducing the intermediate product into a simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus.
18. The process according to claim 1 , wherein (a) the intermediate product has a lower concentration of impurities selected from ALA, mono, di- and triglycerides of ALA and C1-C4 alkyl esters of ALA than the feed mixture; and/or (b) the PUFA product produced in the second separation step has a lower concentration of said impurities than the intermediate product.
19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein (a) the intermediate product has a lower concentration of impurities selected from GLA, mono, di- and triglycerides of GLA and C1-C4 alkyl esters of GLA than the feed mixture; and/or (b) the PUFA product produced in the second separation step has a lower concentration of said impurities than the intermediate product.