Multifunctional monitoring of electrical systems

1. An apparatus for monitoring and controlling electrical systems in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive, the apparatus comprising:

a first AC voltage source for providing an AC voltage between a first connection and a reference connection;

a second AC voltage source for providing an AC voltage between a second connection and the reference connection;

a first voltmeter for acquiring a first voltage between the first connection and the reference connection;

a second voltmeter for acquiring a second voltage between the second connection and the reference connection; and

a control unit connected to and configured to control said first AC voltage source and said second AC voltage source and to obtain the first voltage from said first voltmeter and the second voltage from said second voltmeter, said control unit being configured to:

(i) ascertain at least one of a first insulation resistance for a first assembly connected to said first connection or a second insulation resistance for a second assembly connected to said second connection, relative to an electrical potential connected to said reference connection;

(ii) ascertain a precharge state for a capacitive load connected to said first connection and precharged by a power supply connected to said second connection; and

(iii) ascertain switching states for one or more switches arranged between two assemblies, wherein one of the two assemblies is connected to said first connection and the other of the two assemblies is connected to said second connection.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said control unit is configured to ascertain at least one of the first insulation resistance on a basis of the first voltage acquired by said first voltmeter or the second insulation resistance on a basis of the second voltage acquired by said second voltmeter.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said control unit is configured to ascertain the precharge state on a basis of a difference between the second voltage acquired by said second voltmeter and the first voltage acquired by said first voltmeter.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein said control unit is configured to output a control signal to a precharge switch when the difference between the second voltage acquired by said second voltmeter and the first voltage acquired by said first voltmeter reaches a precharge threshold value.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said control unit is configured to ascertain the switching states by actuating said first and second AC voltage sources, so that the AC voltage provided by said first AC voltage source is inverted in relation to the AC voltage provided by said second voltage source, and to compare the difference between the second voltage acquired by said second voltmeter and the first voltage acquired by said first voltmeter with a switching state threshold value.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the switching state of said switch is determined to be connected when the difference between the second voltage acquired by said second voltmeter and the first voltage acquired by said first voltmeter lies below the switching state threshold value, and wherein the switching state of said switch is determined to be not connected when the difference between the second voltage acquired by said second voltmeter and the first voltage acquired by said first voltmeter lies above the switching state threshold value.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , which further comprises:

a third AC voltage source for providing an AC voltage between a third connection and the reference connection; and

a third voltmeter for recording a third voltage between said third connection and the reference connection; and

wherein said control unit is connected to and configured to control said third AC voltage source and to obtain the third voltage from said third voltmeter.

8. A method for monitoring and controlling electrical systems in a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive by way of an apparatus with a first AC voltage source, a second AC voltage source, a first voltmeter, a second voltmeter, a first connection, a second connection, a reference connection and a control unit, the method comprising:

controlling, with the control unit, the first AC voltage source in order to provide an AC voltage between the first connection and the reference connection;

controlling, with the control unit, the second AC voltage source in order to provide an AC voltage between the second connection and the reference connection;

measuring a first voltage between the first connection and the reference connection;

measuring a second voltage between the second connection and the reference connection; and

based on the measured first voltage and/or the measured second voltage:

(i) ascertaining at least one of a first insulation resistance for a first assembly, which is connected to the first connection, or of a second insulation resistance for a second assembly, which is connected to the second connection, relative to an electrical potential connected to the reference connection,

(ii) ascertaining a precharge state for a capacitive load that is connected to the first connection and that is precharged by a power supply connected to the second connection; and

(iii) ascertaining the switching states for one or more switches arranged between two assemblies, one of the two assemblies being connected to the first connection and the other of the two assemblies being connected to the second connection.

9. A motor controller for a motor vehicle with electric or hybrid drive configured to carry out the method according to claim 8 .

10. A computer program, comprising computer code in non-transitory form which, when executed by a processor, is configured to perform the method according to claim 8 .