Core-shell nickel alloy composite particle metallization layers for silicon solar cells
Materials and methods for fabrication of rear tabbing, front busbar, and fine grid line layers for silicon based photovoltaic cells are disclosed. Materials include conductive metallization pastes that contain core-shell nickel based particles.
1. A metallization paste comprising:
a plurality of core-shell nickel particles, wherein each core-shell nickel particle comprises:
a nickel core; and
a first shell surrounding the core, the first shell consisting of a nanocrystalline nickel boron alloy with 1-8 wt % boron;
silver particles; and
glass frit;
wherein the core-shell nickel particles, the silver particles, and the glass frit are all mixed together in an organic vehicle.
2. The metallization paste of claim 1 wherein the core-shell nickel particles each further comprise a second shell encasing the first shell, the second shell made of a material different from the first shell, the second shell comprising one or more materials selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and nickel alloys.
3. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the paste comprises at least 20 wt % core-shell nickel particles.
4. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein paste comprises at least 10 wt % silver particles.
5. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises 30 wt % core-shell Ni particles, 50 wt % silver particles, 4 wt % glass frit, and 16 wt % organic vehicle.
6. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises 30 wt % core-shell Ni particles, 30 wt % silver particles, 4 wt % glass frit, and 36 wt % organic vehicle.
7. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises 40 wt % core-shell Ni particles, 20 wt % silver particles, 2 wt % glass frit, and 38 wt % organic vehicle.
8. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the metallization paste comprises 30 wt % core-shell Ni particles, 30 wt % silver particles, 5 wt % glass frit, and 35 wt % organic vehicle.
9. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of silver to core-shell nickel particles is 1:9 by weight.
10. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of silver to core-shell nickel particles is 1:1 by weight.
11. The metallization paste of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of silver to core-shell nickel particles is 4:1 by weight.
12. A core-shell particle consisting of:
a core comprising nickel; and
a first shell surrounding the core, the first shell consisting of a conformal nickel boron alloy coating, wherein the nickel boron alloy contains 1-8 wt % boron.
13. The particle of claim 12 , wherein the core-shell nickel particle has a spherical shape.
14. The particle of claim 12 , wherein the core-shell nickel particle has a mean diameter between about 300 nm and 3 μm.
15. The particle of claim 12 , wherein the particle has a shape selected from the group consisting of flake, dendrite, and filament.
16. The particle of claim 12 , wherein the first shell has a thickness between 0.005 μm and 1 μm.
17. The particle of claim 12 , wherein the first shell has a thickness between 0.005 μm and 0.3 μm.
18. The particle of claim 12 , wherein the first shell has a thickness between 0.005 μm and 0.1 μm.
19. The particle of claim 12 , further comprising a second shell surrounding the first shell, the second shell made of a material different from both the first shell and the core, the second shell comprising one or more materials selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and nickel alloy, and combinations thereof.
20. The particle of claim 19 , wherein the second shell has a thickness between about 0.005 μm and 1 μm.
21. The particle of claim 19 , wherein the second shell has a thickness between about 0.005 μm and 0.1 μm.
22. The particle of claim 19 , wherein the core/shell particle is a flake, and the flake has a diameter between 1 and 10 μm and a thickness between 100 nm and 500 nm.
23. The particle of claim 19 , wherein the core/shell particle is a filament, and the filament has a diameter between 200 μm and 1000 nm and a length greater than 1 μm.
24. A core-shell particle comprising:
a core comprising nickel; and
a first shell surrounding the core, the first shell consisting of a conformal nickel boron alloy coating, wherein the nickel boron alloy contains 1-8 wt %;
wherein the particle has a shape selected from the group consisting of flake, dendrite, and filament.
25. The particle of claim 24 , wherein the first shell has a thickness between 0.005 μm and 1 μm.
26. The particle of claim 24 , further comprising a second shell surrounding the first shell, the second shell made of a material different from both the first shell and the core, the second shell comprising one or more materials selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and nickel alloy, and combinations thereof.
27. The particle of claim 26 , wherein the second shell has a thickness between about 0.005 μm and 1 μm.
28. The particle of claim 24 , wherein the core/shell particle is a flake, and the flake has a diameter between 1 and 10 μm and a thickness between 100 nm and 500 nm.
29. The particle of claim 5 , wherein the core/shell particle is a filament, and the filament has a diameter between 200 μm and 1000 nm and a length greater than 1 μm.