Non-lithium metal ion battery electrode material architecture

1. A battery electrode architecture comprising:

a layered structure comprising A x M y N Z , a pillaring agent, and at least one non-lithium metal ion X n+ ,

wherein, in a first state, the layered structure comprises a first layer of A x M y N Z a second layer of A x M y N Z , and a spacing between the first and the second layers, wherein the pillaring agent and the non-lithium metal ion are disposed between the first layer and the second layer of the A x M y N Z ;

wherein, in a second state, subsequent to a plurality of battery electrode cycles, the pillaring agent remains disposed between the first and second layers and the layered structure is configured to maintain the spacing of the first state;

wherein A is at least one low-valence element selected from the group consisting of H, alkaline, and alkaline earth metals, and 0≦x≦1.5;

M is at least one metal and 1≦y≦2.5; N is at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, N, F, Br, and I; and 1.8≦z≦4.2; and

X n+ is at least one non-lithium metal ion selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ga, and Y, and 1≦n≦3.

2. The battery electrode architecture of claim 1 , wherein a low-valence element further comprises at least one chosen from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, and Ca.

3. The battery electrode architecture of claim 1 wherein the at least one metal comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, and Te.

4. The battery electrode architecture of claim 1 , wherein the pillaring agent comprises at least one electrically neutral polymer containing O, N, F, or S atoms.

5. The battery electrode architecture of claim 4 , wherein the at least one electrically neutral polymer comprises at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinylpyrrolidinone), methyl cellulose, poly(methyl acrylate), polyacrylonitrile, polyethyleneimine, poly(aniline), and polypyrrole.

6. The battery electrode architecture of claim 4 , wherein the pillaring agent comprises at least one molecule selected from the group consisting of alkylamines and glymes.

7. The battery electrode architecture of claim 6 , wherein the alkylamines comprise of at least one molecule selected from the group consisting of diethylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, N-isopropylcyclohexyl amine, and dicyclohexylamine.

8. The battery electrode architecture of claim 6 , wherein the glymes consist of at least one molecule selected from the group consisting of diglyme, triglyme, and tetraglyme.

9. The battery electrode architecture of claim 1 , wherein the non-lithium metal ion X n+ is positioned within the lattice spacing of A x M y N z .

10. The battery electrode architecture of claim 9 , wherein the at least one electrically neutral polymer and the non-lithium metal ion X n+ in the lattice spacing of A x M y N z induce a lattice expansion of 1-300% in at least one dimension.

11. The battery electrode architecture of claim 1 , wherein the spacing is from about 6 Angstroms to about 25 Angstroms.

12. A battery electrode architecture comprising:

a layered structure comprising A x M y N z , a pillaring agent, and at least one non-lithium metal ion X n+ ,

wherein, in a first state, the layered structure comprises a first layer of A x M y N z a second layer of A x M y N z , and a spacing between the first and the second layers, wherein the pillaring agent and the non-lithium metal ion are disposed between the first layer and the second layer of the A x M y N z ,

wherein, in a second state, wherein, in a second state, subsequent to a plurality of battery electrode cycles, the pillaring agent remains disposed between the first and second layers and the layered structure is configured to maintain the spacing of the first state, and

wherein X n+ comprises Mg 2+ or Al 3+ .

13. The architecture of claim 12 , further comprising wherein A is at least one low-valence element selected from the group consisting of H, alkaline, and alkaline earth metals, and 0≦x≦1.5.

14. The architecture of claim 12 , further comprising 1≦y≦2.5.

15. The architecture of claim 12 , further comprising wherein N is at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, N, P, Br, and I, and 1.8≦z≦4.2.

16. A battery electrode architecture comprising:

a layered structure comprising A x M y N z , a pillaring agent, and at least one non-lithium metal ion X n+ ,

wherein, in a first state, the layered structure comprises a first layer of A x M y N z a second layer of A x M y N z , and a spacing between the first and the second layers from about 6 Angstroms to about 25 Angstroms, wherein the pillaring agent and the non-lithium metal ion are disposed between the first layer and the second layer of the A x M y N z ,

wherein, in a second state, wherein, in a second state, subsequent to a plurality of battery electrode cycles, the pillaring agent remains disposed between the first and second layers and the layered structure is configured to maintain the spacing of the first state, and

wherein X n+ comprises a polarization strength of at least 40×10 −5 pm −2 .

17. The architecture of claim 16 , further comprising wherein A is at least one low-valence element selected from the group consisting of H, alkaline, and alkaline earth metals, and 0≦x≦1.5.

18. The architecture of claim 16 , further comprising 1≦y≦2.5.

19. The architecture of claim 16 , further comprising wherein N is at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, N, P, Br, and I, and 1.8≦z≦4.2.