Beam position monitor for electron linear accelerator
The deviation of an electron beam is measured in a drift tube of a linear accelerator, the wave to be decoupled having a frequency range that corresponds to a multiple of the basic frequency of the acceleration field. Coupling probes, a mixer-based receiving concept with high dynamics and sensitivity, a method for evaluating the measuring signals and a calibration method for calibrating out non-linearities are specified. Disruptive influences through the acceleration field are minimized by the measurement method according to the invention and the frequency range to be evaluated. The high evaluated frequencies also offer geometrically small coupling probes which one can introduce into a drift tube in which only the field of the electron beam to be evaluated exists.
1. A distance measurement apparatus comprising:
an evaluation unit for determining a position of an electron beam; and
at least two coupling probes for decoupling a measurement signal based on an electromagnetic wave generated by the electron beam, wherein the decoupling of the measurement signal based on the electromagnetic wave takes place within an acceleration tube of an electron linear accelerator with cavity resonators, and within a drift tube which serves as a feed-through section of the electron beam between two cavity resonators and as the decoupling region, and in order to increase a strike accuracy of the electron beam on a photon target, the evaluation unit is configured to evaluate a frequency range of the decoupled electromagnetic wave that has a center frequency that corresponds to a multiple of the frequency of the electromagnetic wave that is fed into the linear accelerator by a high frequency generator in order to generate an acceleration field; and
a receiver connected in series to each of the coupling probes through a waveguide, which has as a first coupling-probe side component a narrow-band RF bandpass filter with a center frequency that corresponds to the decoupled electromagnetic wave.
2. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the two coupling probes are arranged with an offset of 180 degrees.
3. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , comprising four coupling probes arranged with an offset of 90 degrees, respectively, on the cylinder rim of the drift tube.
4. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the coupling probes are configured for a 50 n system and are matched to a frequency range of the wave to be decoupled, such that the coupling probes have a low coupling factor to reduce an amount of energy drawn from the electron beam, and the coupling is at least one of one of capacitively, inductively or by slot coupling.
5. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the field to be decoupled is an electromagnetic wave in a TEM mode with a frequency in the range of 5 to 20 GHz.
6. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the bandpass filter is configured as a waveguide filter (i) with or without dielectric filling or (ii) as a dielectric filter or a planar filter.
7. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a respective receiver in a series connection includes a low-noise amplifier, coupled to a mixer with a local oscillator, being a voltage-controlled oscillator, coupled to a narrow-band IF filter, coupled to a logarithmic detector, coupled to an analog-to-digital converter, coupled to a digital signal processing unit.
8. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein a video bandwidth of the analog-to-digital converter corresponds at least to a bandwidth of the IF filter.
9. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a first two cavity resonators and the decoupling of the measuring signal is performed in a decoupling region between a second two cavity resonators in which the field strength of the acceleration field is lower than the field strength of the first two cavity resonators, and at least one coupling probe is located in the decoupling region.
10. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a basic mode of the acceleration field is attenuated within the drift tube in the decoupling region.
11. A distance measurement apparatus comprising:
an evaluation unit for determining a position of an electron beam;
at least two coupling probes for decoupling a measurement signal based on an electromagnetic wave generated by the electron beam, wherein the decoupling of the measurement signal based on the electromagnetic wave takes place within an acceleration tube of an electron linear accelerator with cavity resonators, and within a drift tube which serves as a feed-through section of the electron beam between two cavity resonators and as the decoupling region, and in order to increase a strike accuracy of the electron beam on a photon target, the evaluation unit is configured to evaluate a frequency range of the decoupled electromagnetic wave that has a center frequency that corresponds to a multiple of the frequency of the electromagnetic wave that is fed into the linear accelerator by a high frequency generator in order to generate an acceleration field; and
a transmitting/receiving switch located between the RF bandpass filter and a low noise amplifier, wherein to calibrate two opposing receivers the drift tube is configured to receive a signal by the respective coupling probe that has the same frequency as the wave to be decoupled during operation, and that is decoupled at two other probes and used to determine a correction factor for the electron beam measurement.
12. The distance measurement apparatus according to claim 11 , further comprising four coupling probes wherein the calibration signal is fed in through a center coupling probe, respectively, and is received by two adjacent coupling probes arranged with an offset of +/−90 degrees.