Mixed-ionomer electrode
A membrane electrode assembly includes a membrane, an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer. The anode catalyst layer is on a first side of the membrane and the cathode catalyst layer is on a second side of the membrane, wherein the second side of the membrane is opposite the first side of the membrane along a first axis. The cathode catalyst layer includes agglomerates formed of a catalyst support supporting catalyst particles, an agglomerate ionomer and an inter-agglomerate ionomer. The agglomerate ionomer surrounds the agglomerates and the inter-agglomerate ionomer is in regions between the agglomerates surrounded by the agglomerate ionomer. The agglomerate ionomer is different than the inter-agglomerate. Methods to produce the catalyst layer are also provided.
1. A method of forming a catalyst layer for a membrane electrode assembly, the method comprising:
forming a catalyst ink with a catalyst and a first ionomer in a liquid dispersed form;
drying the catalyst ink to form a coated-catalyst powder comprising agglomerates, each of a plurality of the agglomerates including a plurality of catalyst supports in contact with one another and supporting catalyst particles, and each of the plurality of the agglomerates being surrounded by the first ionomer;
grinding the coated-catalyst powder;
forming a coated-catalyst ink with the ground coated-catalyst powder and a second ionomer, wherein the second ionomer has a different composition or equivalent weight than the first ionomer;
applying the coated-catalyst ink to a substrate to form a catalyst layer in which the second ionomer is positioned between the plurality of the first ionomer-surrounded agglomerates and the second ionomer is in direct contact with the first ionomer; and
applying the catalyst layer to a fuel cell membrane.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first ionomer is a PFSA ionomer and the second ionomer is a hydrocarbon ionomer.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the first ionomer has a different composition than the second ionomer.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first ionomer has a different equivalent weight ionomer than the second ionomer.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming a second catalyst ink with the catalyst and a third ionomer in a liquid dispersed form;
drying the second catalyst ink to form a second coated-catalyst powder;
grinding the second coated-catalyst powder;
forming a second coated-catalyst ink with the ground second coated-catalyst powder and a fourth ionomer, wherein the second ionomer has a different composition or equivalent weight than the fourth ionomer; and
applying the second coated-catalyst ink onto the catalyst layer.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming a second catalyst ink with the catalyst and a third ionomer in a liquid dispersed form, wherein the third ionomer has a different composition or equivalent weight than the first ionomer;
drying the second catalyst ink to form a second coated-catalyst powder;
grinding the second coated-catalyst powder;
forming a second coated-catalyst ink with the ground second coated-catalyst powder and a fourth ionomer; and
applying the second coated-catalyst ink onto the catalyst layer.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
prior to grinding the coated-catalyst powder, forming an intermediate catalyst ink with the coated-catalyst powder and an intermediate ionomer in a liquid dispersed form; and
drying the intermediate catalyst ink such that the resulting coated-catalyst powder to be subsequently ground comprises a plurality of ionomer films.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
controlling a ratio of the first ionomer to the catalyst support to form an ionomer film between about 1 to about 15 nanometers.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
controlling a ratio of the first ionomer to the catalyst support to form an ionomer film between about 2 to about 10 nanometers.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the catalyst ink to form the coated-catalyst powder includes heating the catalyst ink at a temperature between about 100 and about 150 degrees Celsius for between about 30 and about 60 minutes.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
controlling a ratio of the second ionomer to the ground coated-catalyst powder to form the catalyst layer with a thickness between about 5 and about 15 microns.
12. A method of forming a catalyst layer for a membrane electrode assembly, the method comprising:
forming a catalyst ink with a catalyst and an agglomerate ionomer in a liquid dispersed form;
drying the catalyst ink to form a coated-catalyst powder comprising agglomerates, each of a plurality of the agglomerates including a plurality of catalyst supports in contact with one another and supporting catalyst particles, and each of the plurality of the agglomerates being surrounded by the agglomerate ionomer;
grinding the coated-catalyst powder;
forming a coated-catalyst ink with the ground coated-catalyst powder and an inter-agglomerate ionomer, wherein the inter-agglomerate ionomer has a different composition or equivalent weight than the agglomerate ionomer;
applying the coated-catalyst ink to a substrate to form a catalyst layer in which the inter-agglomerate ionomer is provided in regions between the agglomerate ionomer-surrounded agglomerates and the inter-agglomerate ionomer is in direct contact with the agglomerate ionomer; and
applying the catalyst layer to a fuel cell membrane.