Proppant mixtures
The invention relates to a propped, fractured, subterranean field with (a) a first proppant and (b) a second proppant that exhibits a relatively higher average crush strength and/or an ability to form a particle to particle bonded structure than the first proppant. Preferably, the first proppant is uncoated sand and the second proppant is resin-coated sand. The proppants can be deposited as a substantially homogeneous mixture or in layered structures (vertical or horizontal) within the fractured field. Deformation of the second proppant under closure stress acts to spread out the compression pressures in a mixture so as to reduce failure of the first proppant. Similar protective effects are found when the proppants are deposited in layers. When formed as vertical pillar structures, the second proppant structures can also act as in-situ screens that inhibit formation fines from migrating through the proppant pack to the detriment of field conductivity.
1. A method for forming a propped, subterranean, hydraulically-fractured field in an oil or gas well by steps that comprise:
injecting into the fractured field simultaneously with a fracturing step or shortly thereafter a volume of first proppant and a volume of second proppant exhibiting a higher average crush strength relative to said first proppant,
wherein the first proppant and the second proppant are substantially the same size,
wherein the first proppant is an uncoated proppant,
wherein the second proppant is a resin-coated proppant,
wherein the injecting into the fractured field comprises injecting:
(i) a mixture of the first and second proppants, wherein the amount of the second proppant is about 10-30% and the amount of the first proppant is about 70-85%; or
(ii) repeatedly and sequentially injecting the first volume of proppants and then injecting the second volume of proppants for at least two cycles of such alternating injections to form a layered structure in the horizontal or vertical direction of first proppants and second proppants within the fractured subterranean field and distant from a wellbore wherein the amount of the second proppant is about 10-30% and the amount of the first proppant is about 70-85%.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said resin-coated sand comprises a polyurethane-coated sand.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said resin-coated sand comprises a polyurea-coated sand.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said resin-coated sand coating comprises a phenolic, epoxy or a combination of resins.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said resin-coated sand comprises a polyurethane coating and a polyurea coating.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first proppant is injected as a mixture with said second proppant.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein said first and second proppants are sequentially injected to form a series of vertically-disposed proppant layer structures that vary horizontally towards said wellbore and which are effective to control formation fines migration.
8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the injecting step is performed with crosslinked frac fluid.
9. The method according to claim 1 wherein said first and second proppants are sequentially injected to form a series of horizontally-disposed proppant layer structures that vary vertically within a fracture.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the injecting step is performed with water or slick water frac fluid.
11. A method for forming a propped, subterranean, hydraulically-fractured field in an oil or gas, the method comprising repeatedly and sequentially injecting a volume of first proppants and then injecting a volume of second proppants for at least two cycles of such alternating injections to form a layered structure in the horizontal or vertical direction of first proppants and second proppants within the fractured subterranean field and distant from a wellbore,
wherein the second proppant exhibits a higher average crush strength relative to said first proppant,
wherein the first proppant and the second proppant are substantially the same size,
wherein the first proppant is an uncoated proppant,
wherein the second proppant is a resin-coated proppant, and
wherein the amount of the second proppant is about 10-30% and the amount of the first proppant is about 70-85%.