Transmitter configured to provide a channel capacity that exceeds a saturation channel capacity

1. A transmitter, comprising:

a first number of antennas each spaced from another of the antennas by approximately a distance and configured to provide, at one or more wavelengths that are greater than twice the distance, a channel capacity that exceeds a channel capacity that the first number of antennas would provide if each of the first number of antennas were to have a same transmission profile; and

a signal generator configured

to generate a second number of signals each having a wavelength that is greater than twice the distance, the second number related to a third number of signal pipes; and

to couple each of the second number of signals to a respective one of the antennas.

2. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the first number of antennas form at least part of an antenna array.

3. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein at least two of the first number of antennas comprise a metamaterial.

4. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein:

one of the first number of antennas is configured to have a first transmission characteristic; and

another one of the first number of antennas is configured to have a second transmission characteristic that is different from the first transmission characteristic.

5. The transmitter of claim 4 wherein:

the first transmission characteristic includes a first radiation pattern; and

the second transmission characteristic includes a second radiation pattern that is different from the first radiation pattern.

6. The transmitter of claim 4 wherein:

the first transmission characteristic includes a first directivity; and

the second transmission characteristic includes a second directivity that is different from the first directivity.

7. The transmitter of claim 4 wherein:

the first transmission characteristic includes a first orientation; and

the second transmission characteristic includes a second orientation that is different from the first orientation.

8. The transmitter of claim 4 wherein each antenna has at least one transmission characteristic that is selected to maximize the effective rank of the channel matrix.

9. The transmitter of claim 4 wherein each antenna has at least one orientation angle that is selected to maximize the effective rank of the channel matrix.

10. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the first number of antennas are arranged substantially in a one-dimensional array.

11. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the first number of antennas are arranged substantially in a two-dimensional array.

12. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the first number of antennas are arranged substantially in a three-dimensional array.

13. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the first number of antennas are arranged in at least first and second groups, none of the antennas in the first group closer than half of the wavelength to any of the antennas in the second group.

14. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein each of the first number of antennas has a respective dimension that is significantly smaller than one half of the wavelength.

15. A method, comprising:

generating a first number of signals each having a wavelength that is greater than twice a distance, the first number related to a second number of signal pipes of a channel having a capacity; and

transmitting each of the first number of signals over the channel with a respective one of a third number of antennas each spaced from another of the antennas by approximately the distance such that the capacity of the channel exceeds a channel capacity that the third number of antennas would provide if each of the third number of antennas were to have a same transmission profile.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein transmitting each of the first number of signals includes:

transmitting one of the first number of signals according to a first transmission characteristic; and

transmitting another one of the first number of signals according to a second transmission characteristic that is different from the first transmission characteristic.

17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising selecting for each antenna at least one transmission characteristic to maximize the effective rank of the channel matrix.

18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising selecting for each antenna at least one orientation angle to maximize the effective rank of the channel matrix.

19. The method of claim 15 , further including:

receiving channel information from a source remote from the third number of antennas; and

determining the second number in response to the channel information.

20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising configuring at least one of the third number of antennas in response to the second number of signal pipes having a relationship to a target number of signal pipes.

21. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing machine, cause the computing machine, or circuitry under control of the computing machine:

to generate a first number of signals each having a wavelength that is greater than twice a distance, the first number related to a second number of signal pipes of a channel having a capacity; and

to transmit each of the first number of signals over the channel with a respective one of a third number of antennas each spaced from another of the antennas by approximately the distance such that the capacity of the channel exceeds a channel capacity that the third number of elements would provide if each of the third number of antennas were to have a same transmission profile.

22. A transmitter, comprising:

a first number of antennas each spaced from another of the antennas by approximately a distance and configured to provide, at one or more wavelengths that are greater than twice the distance, a channel capacity that exceeds a channel capacity that the first number of antennas would provide if each of the first number of antennas were to have a respective directivity that is no higher than a directivity of a dipole antenna; and

a signal generator configured

to generate a second number of signals each having a wavelength that is greater than twice the distance, the second number related to a third number of signal pipes; and

to couple each of the second number of signals to a respective one of the antennas.

23. A method, comprising:

generating a first number of signals each having a wavelength that is greater than twice a distance, the first number related to a second number of signal pipes of a channel having a capacity; and

transmitting each of the first number of signals over the channel with a respective one of a third number of antennas each spaced from another of the antennas by approximately the distance such that the capacity of the channel exceeds a channel capacity that the third number of antennas would provide if each of the third number of antennas were to have a respective directivity that is no higher than a directivity of a dipole antenna.

24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing machine, cause the computing machine, or circuitry under control of the computing machine:

to generate a first number of antennas to generate a first number of signals each having a wavelength that is greater than twice a distance, the first number related to a second number of signal pipes of a channel having a capacity; and

to transmit each of the first number of signals over the channel with a respective one of a third number of antennas each spaced from another of the antennas by approximately the distance such that the capacity of the channel exceeds a channel capacity that the third number of elements would provide if each of the third number of antennas were to have a respective directivity that is no higher than a directivity of a dipole antenna.