Enhanced Biochar
Biochar is provided that is treated to have certain chemical and physical properties found to have the highest impact on plant growth and/or soil health. In particular, the following physical and/or chemical properties, among others, of a biochar have been identified as critical properties to control for in the selection of biomass feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, and/or enhancing treatment to increase biochar performance: (i) bulk density (ii) impregnation capacity; (iii) particle size distribution; (iv) solid particle density; (v) surface area; (vi) porosity; (vii) total porosity; (viii) ratio of macroporosity to total porosity (ix) content of residual organic compounds; (x) content of volatile organic compounds; (xii) ash content; (xiii) water holding capacity; (xiv) water retention capabilities; (xv) levels of dioxins and other potentially hazardous byproducts of pyrolysis; and (xvi) pH. Treatment can modify and preferably increase hydrophilicity/decrease hydrophobicity, remove dioxins from the raw biochar, modify electrical conductivity and/or surface charge, modify cation exchange capacity and modify anion exchange capacity, among other things.
1. A plurality of porous carbonaceous particles where at least 75% of the particles, measured by weight or volume, have a particle size less than or equal to 10 mm and where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have been treated to have at least 25% of the pores, by volume, filled with an additive; and where the hydrophobicity of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles under the MED test method has an index of 4 or less.
2. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles contains at least 55% carbon by weight.
3. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the bulk density of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles in the batch, measured by weight, is between 0.1 and 0.6 g/cm 3 .
4. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have a ratio of macropore volume to total pore volume greater than or equal to 50%.
5. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the porous carbonaceous particles contain less than 5% by weight of volatile organic compounds.
6. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have a cation exchange capacity of greater than or equal to 5 milliequ/l.
7. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have an anion exchange capacity of greater than or equal to 5 milliequ/l.
8. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have a water holding capacity greater than 30% by weight.
9. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have been treated by rapidly infusing the additive into the pores of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles using a vacuum processing treatment.
10. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have been treated by infusing the additive into the pores of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles using a surfactant infusion treatment.
11. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have been treated by infusing the additive into the pores of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles including both a surfactant infusion treatment and a vacuum infusion treatment.
12. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 1 , where the additive is a soil enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of water, water solutions of salts, inorganic and organic liquids of different polarities, liquid organic compounds or combinations of organic compounds and solvents, mineral and organic oils, slurries and suspensions, supercritical liquids, fertilizers, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, free-living and nodule-forming nitrogen fixing bacteria, organic decomposers, nitrifying bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, biocontrol agents, bioremediation agents, saprotrophic fungi, ectomycorrhizae, and endomycorrhizae.
13. A plurality of porous carbonaceous particles where at least 75% of the particles have a particle size less than or equal to 10 mm and where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles exhibit weight loss of more than 1% in the interval between 43 and 60° C. when performing the Bontchev-Cheyne Test.
14. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 13 where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have a ratio of macropore volume to total pore volume greater than or equal to 50%.
15. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 13 where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have a water holding capacity greater than 30% by weight.
16. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 13 , where the porous carbonaceous particles have been treated by rapidly infusing a liquid into the pores of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles.
17. The plurality of porous carbonaceous particles of claim 16 , where the treatment for rapidly infusing the liquid into the pores of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles is a vacuum processing treatment.
18. A plurality of porous carbonaceous particles where at least 75% of the porous carbonaceous particles, measured by weight or volume, have a particle size less than or equal to 10 mm and where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have been treated by infusing a liquid into at least 25% of the pores by volume, of the plurality of pores of the porous carbonaceous particles; and where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles in the batch meet EU Feed limit for dioxins of less than 0.75 ng/kg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ//kg.
19. A plurality of porous carbonaceous particles where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles contains at least 55% carbon by weight, and where the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles have (i) at least 70% of pores, by volume, measure less than 50,000 nanometers using mercury porosimetry testing, (ii) a hydrophobicity of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles under the MED test method has an index of 4 or less, and (iii) a dioxin content of the plurality of porous carbonaceous particles meets the EU Feed limit of less than 0.75 ng/kg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ//kg.