Systems and methods for biological analysis
Provided herein are devices and methods suitable for sequencing, amplifying, analyzing, and performing sample preparation procedures for nucleic acids and other biomolecules.
1. A method for nucleic acid sequencing, comprising:
(a) directing a plurality of particles onto an array of sensors, wherein an individual particle among said plurality of particles comprises a template nucleic acid molecule coupled thereto, wherein said array comprises a plurality of sensors, wherein an individual sensor among said plurality of sensors comprises a transmitter electrode and a receiver electrode, which transmitter electrode or receiver electrode is coupled to at least another individual sensor among said plurality of sensors;
(b) positioning said individual particle adjacent to said individual sensor;
(c) performing a primer extension reaction on said template nucleic acid molecule coupled to said individual particle at said individual sensor; and
(d) during or subsequent to performing said primer extension reaction, measuring a signal that is indicative of a change in impedance between said transmitter electrode and receiver electrode.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least another individual sensor is directly adjacent to said individual sensor.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least another individual sensor is separated from said individual sensor by one or more intermediate sensors of said array of sensors.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said individual particle is positioned at said individual sensor such that said transmitter electrode and receiver electrode are electrically coupled to a Debye layer of said individual particle.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said transmitter electrode and receiver electrode are electrically isolated in the absence of said individual particle positioned adjacent thereto.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein in (b), said individual particle is positioned adjacent to said transmitter electrode and receiver electrode, thereby bringing said transmitter electrode in electrical communication with said receiver electrode.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said transmitter electrode or receiver electrode, but not both, is shared with said at least another individual sensor.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising amplifying said template nucleic acid molecule prior to (c).
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said template nucleic acid molecule is amplified while said individual particle is held at said individual sensor.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said individual particle is positioned adjacent to said individual sensor using a magnetic field.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein (d) comprises measuring a signal that is indicative of a change in impedance across (i) said individual particle or (ii) a fluid environment comprising said individual particle.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein both of said transmitter electrode and said receiver electrode are shared with another individual sensor among said plurality of sensors.