Characterizing 3-D printed objects for 3-D printing
The systems and methods described herein include an approach to performing quality assessment for 3-D printed objects during the printing process, for collecting data regarding 3-D printed objects, and for capturing data to make a digital model of an object. This approach uses sensor data (e.g., digital imagery) to characterize printing progress or to detect 3-D printing defects that would otherwise result in printing incomplete objects, such as premature printing job termination, dry printing, over/under application, movement of the filament, and other defects. Sensor data capturing can also be used as part of a destructive scanning process to perform post-printing object assessment or to collect data on a real-world object to facilitate creation of a digital model. These systems and methods may leverage the discrete nature of a pixel provided through digital imagery to be assessed with limited computational resources in a non-recursive manner.
1. A method comprising:
receiving a first optical image of a 3-D printed object, the first optical image associated with a first optical imaging device perspective; and
identifying a 3-D printing defect based on a first comparison between the first optical image of the 3-D printed object and an ideal object image, the ideal object image generated based on a 3-D object model and based on the first optical imaging device perspective, the first comparison including:
generating a difference image based on a pixel-by-pixel comparison between the first optical image and the ideal object image; and
generating a brightness image based on a pixel-by-pixel application of a brightness scaling factor to the difference image.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first comparison further includes generating a threshold image based on applying a pixel-by-pixel first image threshold to the brightness image.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first image threshold is selected to reduce a probability of a false defect identification.
4. The method of claim 2 , further including receiving a second optical image of the 3-D printed object, the second optical image associated with a second imaging device perspective, the second imaging device perspective different from the first imaging device perspective;
wherein identifying the 3-D printing defect is further based on a second comparison between the second optical image and the ideal object image.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the second comparison includes applying a second image threshold to the second optical image, the second image threshold different from the first image threshold.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein comparing the first optical image includes excluding a background from the first optical image.
7. The method of claim 1 , further including:
characterizing the 3-D printing defect as correctable by a 3-D printer; and
generating correction instructions, the correction instructions causing a 3-D printer to correct the defect.
8. The method of claim 1 , further including:
characterizing the 3-D printing defect as requiring user intervention; and
generating a user intervention notification, the user intervention notification including a 3-D printing defect identification.
9. The method of claim 1 , further including:
comparing the 3-D printing defect to a regulatory compliance assessment threshold; and
generating a compliance notification, the compliance notification including a regulatory compliance assessment result.
10. An apparatus comprising:
a first optical image capture device to capture a first optical image of a 3-D printed object, the first optical image associated with a first imaging device perspective; and
a processor configured to identify a 3-D printing defect based on a first comparison between the first optical image of the 3-D printed object and an ideal object image, the ideal object image generated based on a 3-D object model and based on the first imaging device perspective, the first comparison including:
generating a difference image based on a pixel-by-pixel comparison between the first optical image and the ideal object image; and
generating a brightness image based on a pixel-by-pixel application of a brightness scaling factor to the difference image.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the first comparison further includes generating a threshold image based on applying a pixel-by-pixel first image threshold to the brightness image.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the first image threshold is selected to reduce a probability of a false defect identification.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 , further including a second optical image capture device to capture a second optical image of the 3-D printed object, the second optical image associated with a second imaging device perspective, the second imaging device perspective different from the first imaging device perspective;
wherein the processor is further configured to identify the 3-D printing defect is further based on a second comparison between the second optical image and the ideal object image.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the processor is further configured to:
characterize the 3-D printing defect as correctable by a 3-D printer; and
generate correction instructions, the correction instructions causing a 3-D printer to correct the defect.