Multi-phase electrolyte lithium batteries
Electrode assemblies for use in electrochemical cells are provided. The negative electrode assembly includes negative electrode active material and an electrolyte chosen specifically for its useful properties in the negative electrode. Such properties include reductive stability and ability to accommodate expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material. Similarly, the positive electrode assembly includes positive electrode active material and an electrolyte chosen specifically for its useful properties in the positive electrode. These properties include oxidative stability and the ability to prevent dissolution of transition metals used in the positive electrode active material. A third electrolyte can be used as separator between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. A cell is constructed with a cathode that includes a fluorinated electrolyte which does not penetrate into the solid-state polymer electrolyte separator between it and the lithium-based anode. Such an assembly improves charge transport properties without compromising the strength and durability of the separator.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a negative electrode configured to absorb and release alkali metal ions;
a separator layer comprising a first block copolymer electrolyte and a first salt comprising the alkali metal; and
a positive electrode comprising positive electrode active material, binder, a fluorinated catholyte, a second salt comprising the alkali metal, and, optionally, electronically conducting carbon;
wherein the fluorinated catholyte comprises a mixture of perfluoropolyethers, each perfluoropolyether having two terminal cyclic carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto;
wherein the fluorinated catholyte is immiscible with the first block copolymer electrolyte; and
wherein the separator layer is disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode and facilitates ionic communication therebetween.
2. The cell of claim 1 wherein a first block of the first block copolymer electrolyte is ionically conductive and is selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyolefins, polydienes, and combinations thereof.
3. The cell of claim 2 wherein a second block of the first block copolymer electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, poly(phenylene oxide), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PXE), poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone), poly(phenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide amide), polysulfone, fluorocarbons, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers that contain styrene, methacrylate, and/or vinylpyridine.
4. The cell of claim 1 wherein the fluorinated catholyte comprises:
an ionically-conductive alternating copolymer comprising:
a plurality of fluorinated polymer segments, the segments comprising a mixture of perfluoropolyethers, each perfluoropolyether having two terminal cyclic carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto; and
a plurality of non-fluorinated polymer segments.
5. The cell of claim 4 wherein the non-fluorinated segments comprise one or more of carbonate; PEO; PPO; carbonate and PEO; and amide and PEO.
6. The cell of claim 5 wherein the PEO further comprises cross-linkable monomers selected from the group consisting of oxiranes with pendant epoxide groups, allyl groups, acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, and combinations thereof.
7. The cell of claim 1 wherein the fluorinated catholyte comprises a fluorinated liquid.
8. The cell of claim 7 wherein the fluorinated liquid further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of cyclic organic carbonates, cyclic acetals, organic phosphates, cyclic organic sulfates, and cyclic organic sulfonates.
9. The cell of claim 1 wherein the fluorinated catholyte comprises:
a plurality of PEO molecules; and
perfluoro functional groups grafted onto at least a portion of the plurality of PEO molecules to form a graft copolymer.
10. The cell of claim 9 wherein the perfluoro functional groups are selected from the group consisting of PFPE, polyvinylene fluoride, polyvinylfluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, PFA, cyclic perfloro alkanes, pentafluorophenoxide, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol, and combinations thereof.
11. The cell of claim 1 wherein the alkali metal comprises lithium and the first salt and the second salt are each selected independently from the group consisting of LiTFSI, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiOTf, LiC(Tf) 3 , LiBOB, and LiDFOB.
12. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the fluorinated catholyte comprises a second block copolymer electrolyte, comprising:
a mixture of perfluoropolyethers that forms a first block; and
a second polymer that forms a second block, the second polymer having a modulus in excess of 1×10 5 Pa at 25° C.;
wherein a plurality of first blocks associate to form a first domain and a plurality of second blocks associate to form a second domain, and together, the first domain and the second domain form an ordered nanostructure; and
wherein the perfluoropolyethers each has two terminal cyclic carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto.
13. The cell of claim 12 wherein the first block of the second block copolymer comprises:
an ionically-conductive alternating copolymer comprising:
a plurality of fluorinated polymer segments, the segments comprising a mixture of perfluoropolyethers, each perfluoropolyether having two terminal cyclic carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto; and
a plurality of non-fluorinated polymer segments.
14. The cell of claim 12 wherein the first block of the second block copolymer comprises:
a plurality of PEO molecules; and
perfluoro functional groups grafted onto at least a portion of the plurality of PEO molecules to form a graft copolymer.
15. The cell of claim 12 wherein the second block of the second block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, poly(phenylene oxide), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PXE), poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone), poly(phenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide amide), polysulfone, fluorocarbons, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers that contain styrene, methacrylate, and/or vinylpyridine.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the perfluoropolyethers comprise:
wherein subscript x is the mole fraction of difluoromethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
subscript “1-x” is the mole fraction of tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
x ranges between 0 and 1;
subscript n is the average total number of randomly co-distributed difluoromethyleneoxy and tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether, and n ranges between 1 and 50; and
X is either hydrogen or fluorine.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 , wherein the perfluoropolyethers comprise:
wherein subscript x is the mole fraction of difluoromethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
subscript “1-x” is the mole fraction of tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
x ranges between 0 and 1;
subscript n is the average total number of randomly co-distributed difluoromethyleneoxy and tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether, and n ranges between 1 and 50; and
X is either hydrogen or fluorine.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 12 , wherein the perfluoropolyethers comprise:
wherein subscript x is the mole fraction of difluoromethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
subscript “1-x” is the mole fraction of tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
x ranges between 0 and 1;
subscript n is the average total number of randomly co-distributed difluoromethyleneoxy and tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether, and n ranges between 1 and 50; and
X is either hydrogen or fluorine.
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 13 , wherein the perfluoropolyethers comprise:
wherein subscript x is the mole fraction of difluoromethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
subscript “1-x” is the mole fraction of tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
x ranges between 0 and 1;
subscript n is the average total number of randomly co-distributed difluoromethyleneoxy and tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether, and n ranges between 1 and 50; and
X is either hydrogen or fluorine.
20. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a lithium-containing metal negative electrode foil;
a separator layer comprising a first block copolymer electrolyte and a first lithium salt; and
a positive electrode comprising positive electrode active material, binder, optional electronically conducting particles, a fluorinated catholyte, and a second lithium salt;
wherein the fluorinated catholyte comprises a mixture of perfluoropolyethers, each having two terminal cyclic carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto;
wherein the fluorinated catholyte is immiscible with the first block copolymer electrolyte; and
wherein the separator layer is disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode and facilitates ionic communication therebetween.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 20 , wherein the perfluoropolyethers comprise:
wherein subscript x is the mole fraction of difluoromethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
subscript “1-x” is the mole fraction of tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether;
x ranges between 0 and 1;
subscript n is the average total number of randomly co-distributed difluoromethyleneoxy and tetrafluoroethyleneoxy groups in the perfluoropolyether, and n ranges between 1 and 50; and
X is either hydrogen or fluorine.