Methods and apparatus to identify and credit media using ratios of media characteristics

1. An apparatus to identify media, the apparatus comprising:

a signature receiver, implemented by a circuit, to receive a monitored media signature from a meter that is to monitor an output device, the monitored media signature based on a media signal associated with a presentation of the media by the output device;

a delta extractor, implemented by a circuit, to:

determine a first ratio based on a first time interval and a second time interval of the monitored media signature, the monitored media signature including a plurality of time intervals, respective ones of the time intervals being between respective adjacent characteristics identified in the media;

determine a second ratio based on a third time interval and a fourth time interval of the monitored media signature; and

generate a monitored media ratio signature based on the first and second ratios;

a signature comparator, implemented by a circuit, to compare the monitored media ratio signature with a reference ratio signature in a reference ratio signature database to identify the media independent of a rate at which the output device presented the media; and

a media creditor, implemented by a circuit, to credit the identified media as being presented by the output device.

2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are adjacent, and the third time interval and the fourth time interval are adjacent.

3. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 , wherein the signature comparator is to identify, in the reference ratio signature database, a reference ratio signature including a third ratio and a fourth ratio, the third ratio of the reference ratio signature matching the first ratio of the monitored media ratio signature and the fourth ratio of the reference ratio signature matching the second ratio of the monitored media ratio signature, and further including a media identifier to identify the media as a reference media associated with the reference ratio signature.

4. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 , further including a multiplier identifier, implemented by a circuit, to:

identify a fifth time interval corresponding to the third ratio; and

divide the fifth time interval by the first time interval to determine a time-compression factor.

5. The apparatus as defined in claim 4 , wherein the multiplier identifier is to determine a duration of the media associated with the monitored media signature, and the media creditor is to:

multiply the duration of the media by the time-compression factor to obtain a crediting duration; and

credit the media as being presented for the crediting duration.

6. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 , wherein the delta extractor is to divide the first time interval by a sum of the first time interval and the second time interval to determine the first ratio, and the signature comparator is to identify, in the reference ratio signature database, a reference ratio signature including a third ratio matching the first ratio of the monitored media ratio signature, the third ratio based on a fifth time interval of a reference media signature divided by a sum of the fifth time interval, a sixth time interval of the reference media signature, and a seventh time interval of the reference media signature.

7. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 , wherein the delta extractor is to divide the first time interval by a sum of the first time interval, the second time interval, and the third time interval of the monitored media signature to determine a third ratio, and the signature comparator is to identify, in the reference ratio signature database, a reference ratio signature including a fourth ratio matching the third ratio of the monitored media ratio signature, the fourth ratio based on a fifth time interval of a reference media signature divided by a sum of the fifth time interval and a sixth time interval of the reference media signature.

8. A method to identify media, the method comprising:

accessing a monitored media signature received from a meter monitoring an output device, the monitored media signature based on a media signal associated with a presentation of the media by the output device;

determining, by executing an instruction with a processor, a first ratio based on a first time interval and a second time interval of the monitored media signature, the monitored media signature including a plurality of time intervals, respective ones of the time intervals being between respective adjacent characteristics identified in the media;

determining, by executing an instruction with the processor, a second ratio based on a third time interval and a fourth time interval of the monitored media signature;

generating, by executing an instruction with the processor, a monitored media ratio signature based on the first and second ratios;

comparing, by executing an instruction with the processor, the monitored media ratio signature with a reference ratio signature in a reference database to identify the media independent of a rate at which the output device presented the media; and

crediting the identified media as being presented by the output device.

9. The method as defined in claim 8 , wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are adjacent, and the third time interval and the fourth time interval are adjacent.

10. The method as defined in claim 9 , wherein the comparing includes identifying, in the reference database, a reference ratio signature including a third ratio and a fourth ratio, the third ratio of the reference ratio signature matching the first ratio of the monitored media ratio signature and the fourth ratio of the reference ratio signature matching the second ratio of the monitored media ratio signature, and further including identifying the media as a reference media associated with the reference ratio signature.

11. The method as defined in claim 10 , further including:

identifying a fifth time interval corresponding to the third ratio; and

dividing the fifth time interval by the first time interval to determine a time-compression factor.

12. The method as defined in claim 11 , further including:

determining a duration of the media associated with the monitored media signature;

multiplying the duration of the media by the time-compression factor to obtain a crediting duration; and

crediting the media as being presented for the crediting duration.

13. The method as defined in claim 9 , wherein the determining of the first ratio includes dividing the first time interval by a sum of the first time interval and the second time interval, and the comparing includes identifying, in the reference database, a reference ratio signature including a third ratio matching the first ratio of the monitored media ratio signature, the third ratio based on a fifth time interval of a reference media signature divided by a sum of the fifth time interval, a sixth time interval of the reference media signature, and a seventh time interval of the reference media signature.

14. The method as defined in claim 8 , further including:

receiving a first duration corresponding to a gap in crediting of the media;

receiving a second duration corresponding to a time that the media was presented during the gap in crediting; and

dividing the second duration by the first duration to determine a time-compression factor.

15. A tangible computer readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a machine to at least:

access a monitored media signature received from a meter that is to monitor an output device, the monitored media signature based on a media signal associated with a presentation of the media by the output device

determine a first ratio based on a first time interval and a second time interval of the monitored media signature, the monitored media signature including a plurality of time intervals, respective ones of the time intervals being between respective adjacent characteristics identified in the media;

determine a second ratio based on a third time interval and a fourth time interval of the monitored media signature;

compare a monitored media ratio signature generated based on the first and second ratios with a reference ratio signature in a reference database to identify the media independent of a rate at which the output device presented the media; and

credit the identified media as being presented by the output device.

16. The storage medium as defined in claim 15 , wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are adjacent, and the third time interval and the fourth time interval are adjacent.

17. The storage medium as defined in claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the machine to:

identify, in the reference database, a reference ratio signature including a third ratio and a fourth ratio, the third ratio of the reference ratio signature matching the first ratio of the monitored media ratio signature and the fourth ratio of the reference ratio signature matching the second ratio of the monitored media ratio signature; and

identify the media as a reference media associated with the reference ratio signature.

18. The storage medium as defined in claim 17 , wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the machine to:

identify a fifth time interval corresponding to the third ratio; and

divide the fifth time interval by the first time interval to determine a time-compression factor.

19. The storage medium as defined in claim 18 , wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the machine to:

determine a duration of the media associated with the monitored media signature;

multiply the duration of the media by the time-compression factor to obtain a crediting duration; and

credit the media as being presented for the crediting duration.

20. The storage medium as defined in claim 16 , wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the machine to:

divide the first time interval by a sum of the first time interval, the second time interval, and the third time interval of the monitored media signature to determine a third ratio; and

identify, in the reference database, a reference ratio signature including a fourth ratio matching the third ratio of the monitored media ratio signature, the fourth ratio based on a fifth time interval of a reference media signature divided by a sum of the fifth time interval and a sixth time interval of the reference media signature.