Engineering-grade consumable materials for electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system
A method of printing three-dimensional parts with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, with a part material including a composition having an engineering-grade thermoplastic material and a charge control agent. The part material is provided in a powder form having a controlled particle size, and is configured for use in the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having a layer transfusion assembly for printing the three-dimensional parts in a layer-by-layer manner.
1. A method for printing a three-dimensional part with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having an electrophotography engine, a transfer medium, and a layer transfusion assembly, the method comprising:
providing a part material to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the part material compositionally comprising a charge control agent, and a thermoplastic material having a heat deflection temperature ranging from about 100° C. to about 150° C., wherein the thermoplastic material comprises polycarpolactum (PA6), polyhexamethyleneadipamide (PA6,6), polyhexamethylenenonamide (PA6,9), polyhexamethylenesebacamide (PA6,10), polyamide 6/12 (PA6,12), polyenantholactum (PA7), polyundecanolactum (PA11), polylaurolactam (PA12), or mixtures thereof and has a powder form having a D90/D50 particle size distribution and a D50/D10 particle size distribution each ranging from about 1.00 to about 1.40, and wherein the D90/D50 particle size distribution and the D50/D10 particle size distribution are within about 10% of each other;
triboelectrically charging the part material to a Q/M ratio having a negative charge or a positive charge, and a magnitude ranging from about 5 micro-Coulombs/gram to about 50 micro-Coulombs/gram;
developing layers of the three-dimensional part from the charged part material with the electrophotography engine;
electrostatically attracting the developed layers from the electrophotography engine to the transfer medium;
moving the attracted layers to the layer transfusion assembly with the transfer medium; and
transfusing the moved layers to previously-printed layers of the three-dimensional part with the layer transfusion assembly.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the powder form of the part material has a D50 particle size ranging from about 5 micrometers to about 30 micrometers.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the part material further comprises a heat absorber, wherein the charge control agent constitutes from about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight of the part material, and wherein the heat absorber constitutes from about 0.5% by weight to about 10% by weight of the part material.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the part material further comprises a flow control agent constituting from about 0.1% by weight to about 10% by weight of the part material.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polyamide comprises PA6; PA6,6; PA6,12; PA11; polylaurolactam (PA12), or mixtures thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a part material to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system comprises providing an interchangeable cartridge to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, wherein the interchangeable cartridge comprises a supply of the part material.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein triboelectrically charging the part material comprises mixing the part material with carrier particles.
8. The method of claim 1 , and further comprising:
electrostatically attracting developed layers of a support material to the transfer medium;
moving the attracted layers of the support material to the layer transfusion assembly along with the attracted layers of the part material; and
transfusing the moved layers of the support material along with the moved layers of the part material with the layer transfusion assembly.
9. A method for printing a three-dimensional part with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having an electrophotography engine, a transfer medium, and a layer transfusion assembly, the method comprising:
providing a part material to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the part material compositionally comprising a charge control agent, and a thermoplastic material having a heat deflection temperature ranging from about 100° C. to about 150° C., wherein the thermoplastic material comprises polycarpolactum (PA6), polyhexamethyleneadipamide (PA6,6), polyhexamethylenenonamide (PA6,9), polyhexamethylenesebacamide (PA6,10), polyamide 6/12 (PA6,12), polyenantholactum (PA7), polyundecanolactum (PA11), polylaurolactam (PA12), or mixtures thereof and has a powder form having a D90/D50 particle size distribution and a D50/D10 particle size distribution each ranging from about 1.00 to about 1.40 and wherein the D90/D50 particle size distribution and the D50/D10 particle size distribution are within about 10% of each other;
triboelectrically charging the part material to a Q/M ratio having a negative charge or a positive charge, and a magnitude ranging from about 5 micro-Coulombs/gram to about 50 micro-Coulombs/gram;
developing a layer of the three-dimensional part from the charged part material with the electrophotography engine;
electrostatically attracting the developed layer from the electrophotography engine to the transfer medium;
moving the attracted layers to the layer transfusion assembly with the transfer medium;
heating the developed layer on the transfer medium to a temperature that exceeds the glass transition temperature of the part material; and
transfusing the heated layer to previously-printed layers of the three-dimensional part with pressure over time with a nip roller.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the powder form of the part material has a D50 particle size ranging from about 5 micrometers to about 30 micrometers.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the part material further comprises a heat absorber, wherein the charge control agent constitutes from about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight of the part material, and wherein the heat absorber constitutes from about 0.5% by weight to about 10% by weight of the part material.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the part material further comprises a flow control agent constituting from about 0.1% by weight to about 10% by weight of the part material.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the polyamide comprises PA6; PA6,6; PA6,12; PA11; polylaurolactam (PA12), or mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein providing a part material to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system comprises providing an interchangeable cartridge to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, wherein the interchangeable cartridge comprises a supply of the part material.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein triboelectrically charging the part material comprises mixing the part material with carrier particles.
16. The method of claim 9 , and further comprising:
developing, electrostatically attracting, moving, heating and transfusing additional layers to form a stack of layers until the three-dimensional part is printed.