Apparatus and methods for reducing mutual couplings in an antenna array
A device is presented for improving radio frequency (RF) and microwave array antenna performance. The device sits in the near field, the reactive region, of the antenna array with a pattern of electrically isolated rectangular, cross-shaped, ell, and/or similarly-shaped patches of flat metal or other conductor in a flat plane. The patches are segmented into smaller shapes no greater than 0.3 of a shortest wavelength of the nominal operating range of the antenna and/or the height of the plane is greater than 0.25 and/or less than 0.4 of the center frequency's wavelength. Mutual coupling S-parameters between neighboring elements are either simulated or measured, and the patch sizes or height are designed such that |S 21 Refl | is in a range of |S 21 Array |±20% of |S 21 Array |; and Phase(S 21 Refl ) is in a range of Phase(S 21 Array )+180±30 degrees, where S 21 Array is an S-parameter between antenna two neighboring antenna elements measured or simulated without the device, where S 21 ADS is the same with the device, and S 21 Refl =S 21 ADS −S 21 Array .
1. A near-field apparatus for reducing mutual couplings between antenna elements in an antenna array, the antenna array having a nominal operating range of frequencies and associated wavelengths, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of electrically conductive patches in a common plane configured to be supported above the antenna array, each electrically conductive patch being isolated from other patches and having a width of less than 50% of an underlying antenna element and a longest dimension no greater than 0.3 of a shortest wavelength of the nominal operating range; and
a standoff structure configured to hold the common plane of electrically conductive patches parallel to and at a height from a ground plane of the antenna array,
wherein at least one electrically conductive patch of the plurality of electrically conductive patches is sized to diffract a portion of an electromagnetic wave from an underlying antenna element to a neighboring antenna element such that a mutual coupling s-parameter between the underlying antenna element and the neighboring antenna element measured or simulated i) without the electrically conductive patches, S 21 Array , and ii) with the electrically conductive patches, S 21 ADS , with a difference defined as S 21 Refl =S 21 ADS −S 21 Array , meets the following criteria:
|S 21 Refl | is in a range of |S 21 Array |±20% of |S 21 Array |; and
Phase(S 21 Refl ) is in a range of Phase(S 21 Array )+180±30 degrees.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the height or a dimension of each electrically conductive patch is selected to minimize a difference between |S 21 Refl | and |S 21 Array |.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the height or a dimension of each electrically conductive patch is selected to minimize a difference between Phase(S 21 Refl ) and Phase(S 21 Array )+180 degrees.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the height of the common plane of electrically conductive patches over the ground plane of the antenna array is between 0.25 λc and 0.4 λc, wherein λc is an electromagnetic wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of the antenna array.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a dielectric substrate upon which the plurality of electrically conductive patches are formed.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plurality of electrically conductive patches includes shapes having right angles and an even number of parallel sides is selected from the group consisting of a rectangle, a plus, a cross, a tee, an I, a #, an ell, a U, and a curved rectangle.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a subset of the plurality of right-angled, electrically conductive patches forms a larger, symmetric shape selected from the group consisting of a segmented rectangle, a segmented plus, a segmented frame, and a segmented ring.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each electrically conductive patch is centered over an underlying antenna element.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each electrically conductive patch is centered between two underlying antenna elements.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
the antenna array.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the antenna array is selected from the group consisting of a linear patch antenna array, a dual polarized linear dipole antenna array, and a patch or quadrifilar helix circularly polarized antenna array.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plurality of electrically conductive patches is a first plurality of patches, the apparatus further comprising:
a second plurality of electrically conductive patches in the common plane, each of the second plurality of electrically conductive patches having an even number of sides, right angles at each edge, a width of less than 50% of an underlying antenna element, and a longest dimension no greater than 0.3 of a shortest wavelength of the nominal operating range,
wherein at least one electrically conductive patch of the second plurality of electrically conductive patches is sized to diffract a portion of an electromagnetic wave from an underlying antenna to a cross polarized neighboring antenna element.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrically conductive patches form a non-periodic or asymmetrical pattern.
14. A near-field apparatus for reducing mutual couplings between antenna elements in an antenna array, the antenna array having a nominal operating range of frequencies and associated wavelengths, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of electrically conductive patches in a common plane configured to be supported above the antenna array, each electrically conductive patch being isolated from other patches; and
a standoff structure configured to hold the common plane of electrically conductive patches parallel to and at a height above a ground plane of the antenna array, wherein the height of the common plane of electrically conductive patches over the ground plane of the antenna array is between 0.25 λc and 0.4 λc, wherein λc is an electromagnetic wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of the antenna array,
wherein at least one electrically conductive patch of the plurality of electrically conductive patches is sized to diffract a portion of an electromagnetic wave from an underlying antenna element to a neighboring antenna element such that a mutual coupling s-parameter between the underlying antenna element and the neighboring antenna element measured or simulated i) without the electrically conductive patches, S 21 Array , and ii) with the electrically conductive patches, S 21 ADS , with a difference defined as S 21 Refl =S 21 ADS −S 21 Array , meets the following criteria:
|S 21 Refl | is in a range of |S 21 Array |±20% of |S 21 Array |; and
Phase(S 21 Refl ) is in a range of Phase(S 21 Array )+180±30 degrees.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the height or a dimension of each electrically conductive patch is selected to minimize a difference between |S 21 Refl | and |S 21 Array |.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the height or a dimension of each electrically conductive patch is selected to minimize a difference between Phase(S 21 Refl ) and Phase(S 21 Array )+180 degrees.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein each electrically conductive patch has a width of less than 50% of an underlying antenna element and a longest dimension no greater than 0.3 of a shortest wavelength of the nominal operating range.
18. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising:
a dielectric substrate upon which the plurality of electrically conductive patches are formed.
19. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the plurality of electrically conductive patches includes shapes having right angles and an even number of parallel sides is selected from the group consisting of a square, a rectangle, a plus, a cross, an uppercase T, an I, a #, an L, a U, and a curved rectangle.
20. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein a subset of the plurality of right-angled, electrically conductive patches forms a larger, symmetric shape selected from the group consisting of a segmented square, a segmented rectangle, a segmented plus, a segmented frame, and a segmented ring.
21. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein each electrically conductive patch is centered over an underlying antenna element.
22. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein each electrically conductive patch is centered between two underlying antenna elements.
23. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising:
the antenna array.
24. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the antenna array is selected from the group consisting of a linear patch antenna array, a dual polarized linear dipole antenna array, and a patch or quadrifilar helix circularly polarized antenna array.
25. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the plurality of electrically conductive patches is a first plurality of patches, the apparatus further comprising:
a second plurality of electrically conductive patches in the common plane, each of the second plurality of electrically conductive patches having an even number of sides, right angles at each edge, a width of less than 50% of an underlying antenna element, and a longest dimension no greater than 0.3 of a shortest wavelength of the nominal operating range,
wherein at least one electrically conductive patch of the second plurality of electrically conductive patches is sized to diffract a portion of an electromagnetic wave from an underlying antenna to a cross polarized neighboring antenna element.
26. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the plurality of electrically conductive patches form a non-periodic or asymmetrical pattern.
27. A method for reducing mutual couplings of antenna elements in an antenna array, the antenna array having a nominal operating range of frequencies and associated wavelengths, the method comprising:
providing a plurality of electrically conductive patches in a common plane configured to be supported above the antenna array, each electrically conductive patch being isolated from other patches;
supporting the common plane of electrically conductive patches parallel to and at a height above a ground plane of the antenna array; and
diffracting, using the plurality of electrically conductive patches, a portion of an electromagnetic wave from an underlying antenna element to a neighboring antenna element such that a mutual coupling s-parameter between the underlying antenna element and the neighboring antenna element measured or simulated i) without the electrically conductive patches, S 21 Array , and ii) with the electrically conductive patches, S 21 ADS , with a difference defined as S 21 Refl =S 21 ADS −S 21 Array , meets the following criteria:
|S 21 Refl | is in a range of |S 21 Array |±20% of |S 21 Array |; and
Phase(S 21 Refl ) is in a range of Phase(S 21 Array )+180±30 degrees.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the height or a dimension of each electrically conductive patch is selected to minimize a difference between |S 21 Refl | and |S 21 Array |.
29. The method of claim 27 wherein the height or a dimension of each electrically conductive patch is selected to minimize a difference between Phase(S 21 Refl ) and Phase(S 21 Array )+180 degrees.
30. The method of claim 27 wherein each electrically conductive patch has a width of less than 50% of an underlying antenna element and a longest dimension no greater than 0.3 of a shortest wavelength of the nominal operating range.
31. The method of claim 27 wherein the height of the common plane of electrically conductive patches over the ground plane of the antenna array is between 0.25 λc and 0.4 λc, wherein λc is an electromagnetic wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of the antenna array.