Thermoplastic nanocomposite particles, processes for their production, and their use in the fabrication of articles
A thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle made by a method comprising: forming a polymer by polymerizing a reactive mixture comprising at least one of a monomer, an oligomer, or combinations thereof; said monomer and oligomer having two reactive functionalities, said polymerizing occurring in a medium also containing dispersed nanofiller particles possessing a length that is less than 0.5 microns in at least one principal axis direction, wherein said nanofiller particles comprise at least one of dispersed fine particulate material, fibrous material, discoidal material, or combinations of such materials, whereby said nanofiller particles become incorporated into the polymer.
1. A thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle comprising:
a thermoplastic polymer matrix, wherein said thermoplastic polymer matrix is selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl chloride), a copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate, a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, and a copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile; and
from 0.001 to 60 volume percent of nanofiller particles possessing a length that is less than 0.5 microns in at least one principal axis direction, wherein said nanofiller particles comprise at least one of dispersed fine particulate material, fibrous material, discoidal material, or a combination of such materials; and wherein said nanofiller particles are incorporated into the polymer, and wherein a largest principal axis dimension of said thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle does not exceed 10 millimeters.
2. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle of claim 1 , where the polydispersity of said polymer does not exceed 3 and the weight-average molecular weight M w of said polymer is in the range of 10M e to 15M e where M e denotes the average molecular weight between entanglements.
3. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle of claim 2 , wherein the polymer is polystyrene.
4. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle according to claim 3 , wherein said nanofiller is selected from the group of nanofillers consisting of carbon black, fumed silica, fumed alumina, carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, cellulosic nanofibers, nanocrystalline cellulose, natural clays, synthetic clays, fly ash, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, metal clusters, metal alloy clusters, metal oxide clusters, metal oxide nanowhiskers, or mixtures thereof, said nanofiller comprising an amount from 0.001% to 60% by volume of said particle.
5. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle of claim 4 , wherein said nanofiller is carbon black, possessing a length that is less than 0.5 microns in at least one principal axis direction and an amount from 0.1% to 30% of said particle by volume.
6. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle of claim 4 , wherein said natural clay nanofiller is halloysite nanotubes, in an amount from 0.1% to 30% of said particle by volume.
7. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle according to claim 6 , wherein said thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle has a shape selected from the group of shapes consisting of a powder, a pellet, a grain, a seed, a short fiber, a rod, a cylinder, a platelet, a bead, a spheroid, or mixtures thereof.
8. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle according to claim 1 , wherein said thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle is a spherical bead having a diameter that does not exceed 10 millimeters.
9. The thermoplastic polymeric nanocomposite particle according to claim 8 , wherein said diameter ranges from 0.001 mm to 4 mm.