System and method for cell balancing and charging using a serially coupled inductor and capacitor
An apparatus for charging a plurality of series connected battery cells, includes a first and second input terminals for providing a charging voltage to the plurality of series connected battery cell. A transformer includes a primary side associated with the charging voltage and a secondary side includes a plurality of portions. Each of the plurality of portions is connected across at least one of the plurality of series connected battery cell. A switch in series between each of the plurality of portions of the secondary side and the at least one of the plurality of series connected battery cells increases an impedance between the portion of the secondary side and the associated one of the plurality of series connected battery cells in a first state and decreases the impedance between the portion of the secondary side and the associated one of the plurality of series connected battery cells in a second state.
1. A method, comprising:
generating an input current through serially coupled primary windings of multiple transformers, wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a resonating of an inductor and a capacitor coupled in series with the primary windings; and
generating, in response to the input current, charge-balancing currents each flowing through a respective secondary winding of each of the transformers and a respective one of a set of serially connected battery cells such that each charge-balancing current has a magnitude that is related to a voltage on the respective at least one of the set of battery cells.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a voltage across at least one of the battery cells.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a current generated by at least one of the battery cells.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a current generated by a power supply.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein generating the charge-balancing currents includes generating at least one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only one direction.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein generating the charge-balancing currents includes generating at least one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in a direction.
7. An apparatus, comprising:
an input circuit configured to generate an input current, wherein the input circuit includes an inductor and a capacitor in series with a first primary winding and is configured to generate the input current by causing the inductor and capacitor to resonate; and
transformers including
primary windings including the first primary winding coupled together in series and configured to receive the input current, wherein each of the transformers includes a respective one of the primary windings, and
secondary windings each configured to generate, in response to the input current, a respective charge-balancing current flowing through a respective at least one of battery cells that are coupled together in series such that the respective charge-balancing current has a magnitude that is related to a voltage across the respective at least one of the battery cells, wherein the each transformer further includes one or more of the secondary windings.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to a voltage across at least one of the battery cells.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to a current generated by at least one of the battery cells.
10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to a current generated by a power supply.
11. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein each of at least one of the secondary windings is configured to generate a respective charge-balancing current flowing in only one direction.
12. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein each of at least one of the secondary windings is configured to generate a respective charge-balancing current only while the input current is flowing in a direction.
13. A system, comprising:
a ground node;
battery cells coupled in series to the ground node;
an input circuit configured to generate an input current, wherein the input circuit includes an inductor and a capacitor in series with a first primary winding and is configured to generate the input current by allowing the inductor and capacitor to resonate; and
transformers including
primary windings including the first primary winding coupled together in series and configured to receive the input current, wherein each of the transformers includes a respective one of the primary windings, and
secondary windings each configured to generate, in response to the input current, a respective charge-balancing current flowing through a respective at least one of the battery cells such that the respective charge-balancing current has a magnitude that is related to a voltage across the respective at least one of the battery cells, wherein the each transformer further includes one or more of the secondary windings.
14. The system of claim 13 , further comprising:
a power supply coupled to the ground node and configured to generate a power-supply current; and
wherein the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to the power-supply current.
15. An apparatus, comprising:
transformers each including:
a respective primary winding coupled in series with the primary windings of the other transformers, and
at least one respective secondary winding each having first and second nodes configured to be coupled across at least one of a set of series-coupled battery cells;
a circuit configured to generate an input current through the primary windings;
electronic devices each having a first node coupled to one of the first and second nodes of a respective one of the secondary windings and having a second node configured to be coupled to a respective one of the battery cells; and
a series-resonant circuit in series with the primary windings.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising a ground node coupled to the series combination of the primary windings.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the series-resonant circuit includes an inductor in series with a capacitor.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising:
a ground node, and;
wherein the series-resonant circuit is coupled between the ground node and a series combination of the primary windings.
19. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising:
an input node;
a ground node;
wherein the series-coupled battery cells are coupled between the input node and the ground node; and
wherein the circuit includes
a first switch coupled between the input node and the primary windings; and
a second switch coupled between the ground node and the primary windings.
20. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein each electronic device includes a respective switch.
21. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising capacitors each coupled across a respective one of the electronic devices.
22. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein each of the secondary windings is configured to have a same winding direction.
23. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the secondary windings of each transformer each have approximately a same number turns as the other secondary windings of the transformer.
24. A system, comprising:
a ground node;
battery cells coupled in series to the ground node;
transformers each including:
a respective primary winding in series with the primary windings of the other transformers, and
at least one respective secondary winding each coupled to a respective one of the battery cells;
a circuit configured to generate an input current through the primary windings and including a series-resonant circuit serially coupled between the primary windings and the ground node; and
electronic devices each coupled between a respective one of the secondary windings and a respective one of the battery cells.
25. A system, comprising:
a ground node;
battery cells coupled in series to the ground node;
transformers each including:
a respective primary winding in series with the primary windings of the other transformers, and
at least one respective secondary winding each coupled to a respective one of the battery cells;
a circuit configured to generate an input current through the primary windings;
electronic devices each coupled between a respective one of the secondary windings and a respective one of the battery cells; and
wherein the circuit includes:
an input node;
a series-resonant circuit having a first node coupled to the primary windings and having a second node;
a first transistor coupled between the input node and the second node of the series-resonant circuit; and
a second transistor coupled between the ground node and the second node of the series-resonant circuit; and
wherein the battery cells are coupled in series between the input node and the ground node.
26. The system of claim 25 wherein each of the secondary windings is configured to have a same winding direction.
27. A system, comprising:
a ground node;
battery cells coupled in series to the ground node;
transformers each including:
a respective primary winding in series with the primary windings of the other transformers, and
at least one respective secondary winding each coupled to a respective one of the battery cells;
a circuit configured to generate an input current through the primary windings;
electronic devices each coupled between a respective one of the secondary windings and a respective one of the battery cells;
wherein the circuit includes:
an input node;
a series-resonant circuit having a first node coupled to the primary windings and having a second node;
a first transistor coupled between the input node and the second node of the series-resonant circuit; and
a second transistor coupled between the ground node and the second node of the series-resonant circuit; and
a power supply coupled between the ground node and the input node.