Four shared pixel with phase detection and full array readout modes
A pixel cell has four maskless phase detection photodiodes sharing the same readout amplifier, microlens and filter color. The four photodiodes are configured to operate in two adjacent pairs wherein the two adjacent pairs of photodiodes are separated by a light guide and are positioned under the single microlens such that light incident in a first direction is collected in a first pair of photodiodes of the two adjacent pairs of photodiodes and light incident in a second direction is collected in a second pair of photodiodes of the two adjacent pairs of photodiodes. The microlens has a plano-convex shape which causes light to be incident in two directions on photodiodes positioned under each of two sides of the microlens.
1. An imaging system comprising: an array of pixel cells, each pixel cell comprising:
a two by two configuration of four photodiodes and four respective associated transfer transistors, for sensing incident light from a target scene, the transfer transistors sharing a floating diffusion coupled to a reset transistor and also coupled through an amplifier transistor to a row select transistor for providing from each of the photodiodes electrical signals representative of the target scene;
a color filter with a same color disposed over the four photodiodes;
a single plano-convex microlens disposed over the color filter and the four photodiodes such that the incident light from the target scene incident on the plano-convex microlens is directed in a first direction toward two of the four photodiodes forming a first vertically adjacent pair of the four photodiodes and directed in a second direction toward the remaining two photodiodes forming a remaining second vertically adjacent pair of the four photodiodes; and
the imaging system further comprising a control and readout circuit and a state register controller configured to operate the control and readout circuitry in either a first phase difference detection mode wherein the electrical signals from the first vertically adjacent pair of photodiodes are combined and compared to combined electrical signals from the second vertically adjacent pair of photodiodes and readout to provide an autofocus function related to the target scene or in a second full resolution mode wherein the image electrical signals from every photodiode is readout without binning to form a full resolution image of the target scene.
2. The imaging system of claim 1 wherein each pixel cell comprises a light guide structure located within the color filter between the first and second vertically adjacent pairs of photodiodes.
3. The imaging system of claim 1 wherein in the first phase difference detection mode of the control and readout circuit, the electrical signals from each of the photodiodes in the first vertically adjacent pair of the four photodiodes is combined in a binning operation.
4. The imaging system of claim 1 wherein in the first phase difference detection mode of the control and readout circuit, the electrical signals from each of the photodiodes in the second vertically adjacent pair of the four photodiodes is combined in a binning operation.
5. The imaging system of claim 1 wherein each pixel cell resides within a substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface and wherein each pixel is configured to receive the incident light from the target scene through the back surface of the substrate.
6. The imaging system of claim 1 wherein each pixel cell resides within a substrate comprising a front surface and a back surface and wherein each pixel is configure to receive the incident light from the target scene through the front surface of the substrate.
7. A method for providing an optionally selectable autofocus function mode or full resolution imaging mode for an array of pixel cells, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a first semiconductor substrate comprising an array of pixel cells, each pixel cell comprising a set of four transfer transistors, each of the transfer transistors coupled to respective photodiodes and sharing floating drains, a reset transistor and an amplifier transistor;
providing a single color filter over the four transfer transistors and their respective four photodiodes;
providing a single plano-convex micro lens;
positioning the microlens over the single color filter and the four photodiodes such that light from a target scene incident on the plano-convex microlens is directed in a first direction toward two of the four photodiodes which form a first vertically adjacent pair of the four photodiodes and is directed in a second direction toward the remaining two photodiodes of the four photodiodes forming a second vertically adjacent pair of photodiodes;
providing a light guide structure located within the color filter between the first and second vertically adjacent pairs of photodiodes;
providing a control and readout circuit and a state register controller configured to operate the control and readout circuit in either a first phase difference detection mode wherein electrical signals from the first vertically adjacent pair of photodiodes are combined and compared to combined electrical signals from the second vertically adjacent pair of photodiodes and readout to provide an autofocus function related to the target scene or to operate the control and readout circuit in a second full resolution mode wherein the electrical signals from every photodiode is readout to form a full resolution image of the target scene; and
focusing the light from the target scene onto the array of pixel cells and selecting a configuration of the state register to either operate the array of pixel cells in the first phase difference detection mode to provide an autofocus function or in the second full resolution mode to form the full resolution image of the target scene.